Clinical Achievement Essay Sample - What Is The Scientific Method?

Clinical Achievement Essay Sample - What Is The Scientific Method?Clinical Achievement Essay Sample is an essay which has a unique structure, which is almost similar to an essay. So, for those who want to write a Clinical Achievement Essay Sample as the subject matter for their college essays can easily find the appropriate and acceptable source.The academic abilities for students have also expanded over the years and this makes writing an essay, a very stressful task. If you want to make an essay easy to write, then you should take a look at the Medical Achievement Essay Sample. All the necessary features of the academic qualities have been retained in this project for easier writing and reviewing.This Medical Achievement Essay Sample is written in such a way that the whole essay can be accomplished within few minutes. This essay sample is aimed at those students who have scored well in their entrance exams and want to use the college experience to improve their academic performance . The essays are easy to understand and the strategies used are simple to execute. Also, the format of the document can be modified in accordance with the requirement of the teacher.The Clinical Achievement Essay Sample can also be adapted as part of a special course. The authors are planning to incorporate this approach into their writing software which will provide more attractive and enticing option for students who want to come up with essays on various topics. The academic quality of this essay sample ensures that the essay has enough quality for examination of the exams.The very first thing to be remembered while writing the essay is that there is no particular genre in it, which may not be compatible with the style of writing a general essay. Therefore, writing with the assistance of Clinical Achievement Essay Sample allows to make sure that the essay remains within the guidelines of the style. The essay should not be too long and should contain some interesting topics. It is essential to remember that the academic writing procedure has to follow the outline of the English language and shouldnot deviate from it.If you have planned to prepare an essay on a particular topic, then the clinical achievement essay sample will be able to help you make your topic more interesting topics have to be in the focus of your essay. The topics in a Clinical Achievement Essay Sample are well documented and this helps to know what kind of topics you are supposed to mention and what exact sentence structure you are required to use. Thus, once the Academic Evaluation is ready, you will have a proper base from which you can start the successful clinical writing process.In short, if you want to make a thesis statement which is written in a certain manner, you can take the help of the Clinical Achievement Essay Sample for your essay. Once you successfully compose the Clinical Achievement Essay Sample, you will find the whole essay easy to write and comprehensible to your teac hers.

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Essay Essay Example

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Essay Paper This paper presents briefly the definitions. illustrations. features. and applications of both exponential and logarithmic maps. Exponential Functions The basic exponential map is denoted by degree Fahrenheit ( x ) = bx. where b. the base is a positive existent figure ( b gt ; 0 ) and b? 1. and x. the advocate. is any existent figure. ( Marcus. 2008 ; Roberts. 2008a ; Stapel. 2008a ) . Figure 1 nowadayss three illustrations of exponential graphs of the signifiers f ( ten ) = 2x. degree Fahrenheit ( x ) = 8x. and f ( ten ) = 0. 5x ( Roberts. 2008a ) . The features of the three graphs are summarized as follows: ( 1 ) the sphere of degree Fahrenheit ( ten ) is all existent Numberss ; ( 2 ) the scope of degree Fahrenheit ( ten ) is all positive existent Numberss ; ( 3 ) when B gt ; 1. the graph and its incline addition when ten additions ; ( 4 ) when 0 lt ; b lt ; 1. the graph and its incline lessening when ten decreases ; ( 5 ) the graph passes through y-axis at ( 0. 1 ) —all exponential graphs of the signifier degree Fahrenheit ( x ) = bx cross the y-axis at ( 0. 1 ) when B gt ; 0 ; ( 6 ) the graph is asymptotic to the x-axis—it does non traverse the x-axis or touch it. but it gets closer and closer to the x-axis as ten gets smaller and smaller ( Roberts. 2008a ; Stapel. 2008a ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Exponential maps are utile in existent universe state of affairss. Common applications include analysing population growing. calculating compound involvement. C dating artefacts. finding clip of decease. and ciphering exponential decay. To demo an application utilizing an exponential map. see the recognition cards with involvement compounded daily. The map depicting the balance ( chief + involvement ) on an mean day-to-day balance of $ 500 at involvement rate of 15 % will be: C ( T ) = 500 ( 1 + ( . 15/365 ) ) 365t. where t represents the figure of yearss for ciphering the involvement ( Taylor. 2008 ) . Logarithmic Functions The basic logarithmic map is denoted by degree Fahrenheit ( x ) = logb ( x ) . where b. the base. is a positive existent figure ( b gt ; 0 ) and b? 1. and x. the advocate. is any positive existent figure. The map degree Fahrenheit ( x ) = logb ( x ) is the opposite of the exponential map degree Fahrenheit ( x ) = bx. or y = logb ( x ) is tantamount to x = B Y ( Roberts. 2008b ; Stapel. 2008b ) . Figure 2 nowadayss three illustrations of logarithmic graphs of the signifiers y = log ( x ) . y = log ( x ) /log ( 2 ) . and y = log ( x ) /log ( . 5 ) ( Roberts. 2008b ) . The features of the three graphs are summarized as follows: ( 1 ) the sphere of degree Fahrenheit ( ten ) is all positive existent Numberss ; ( 2 ) the scope of degree Fahrenheit ( ten ) is all existent Numberss ; ( 3 ) when B gt ; 1. the graph increases when ten additions ; ( 4 ) when 0 lt ; b lt ; 1. the graph decreases when ten lessenings ; ( 5 ) the graph passes through x-axis at ( 1. 0 ) —all exponential graphs of the signifier degree Fahrenheit ( x ) = logb ( x ) cross the x-axis at ( 1. 0 ) when B gt ; 0 ; ( 6 ) the graph is asymptotic to the y-axis—it does non traverse the y-axis or touch it. but it gets closer and closer to the y-axis as y gets smaller and smaller ( Roberts. 2008b ; Stapel. 2008b ) . Logarithmic maps are similarly utile in existent universe state of affairss. such as in gauging the figure of species. finding the magnitude of temblors or the strength of sound moving ridges. finding the sourness of a solution. and ciphering the rate of bring forthing fresh H2O from salt H2O ( Saye. 2008 ) . To demo an application in utilizing logarithmic map. see a solution’s pH is defined by P ( T ) = -log10 ( T ) . where T is the hydronium ion concentration in moles per litre. The map for happening the pH of a solution with hydronium ion concentration 4. 5 ten 10-5 will be p ( T ) = -log10 ( 4. 5 ten 10-5 ) ( The University of Iowa. 2006 ) . Decisions The exponential and logarithmic maps have inverse relationships. The illustrations illustrate their graphical features and demo their reverse relationships. Both have utile applications in existent state of affairss. like analysing population growing and depletion rate of species. Mentions Marcus. Nancy. ( 2008 ) . Exponential Functions. S. O. S. Mathematics Home Page. Retrieved May 20. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sosmath. com/algebra/logs/log4/log4. hypertext markup language. Roberts. Donna. ( 2008a ) . Exponential Functions. Algebra 2/Trig Lesson Page. Oswego City School District Regents Exam Prep Center. Retrieved May 21. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. regentsprep. org/Regents/math/algtrig/ATP8b/exponentialFunction. htm. Roberts. Donna. ( 2008b ) . Logarithmic Functions. Algebra 2/Trig Lesson Page. Oswego City School District Regents Exam Prep Center. Retrieved May 21. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. regentsprep. org/Regents/math/algtrig/ATP8b/logFunction. htm. Saye. D. ( 2008 ) . Word Problems: Logarithmic Models. Algebra Lab. Mainland High School. Retrieved May 21. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. algebralab. org/Word/Word. aspx? file=Algebra_LogarithmicModels. xml. Stapel. Elizabeth. ( 2008a ) . Exponential Functions: Introduction. Purplemath. Retrieved May 20. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. purplemath. com/modules/expofcns. htm. Stapel. Elizabeth. ( 2008b ) . Logarithm: Introduction to the Relationship. Purplemath. Retrieved May 20. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. purplemath. com/modules/logs. htm. Taylor. S. ( 2008 ) . Applications of Exponential Functions. Algebra Lab. Mainland High School. Retrieved May 21. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. algebralab. org/lessons/lesson. aspx? file=Algebra_ExponentsApps. xml. The University of Iowa. ( 2006 ) . Real-World Applications of Logarithmic Function. Mathematics Matters at IOWA. Retrieved May 21. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. uiowa. edu/~examserv/mathm atters/tutorial_quiz/log_exp/realworldappslogarithm. hypertext markup language.

How to Write a Letter of Complaint

How to Write a Letter of Complaint Heres a project that will introduce you to brainstorming and give you practice in group writing. You will join with three or four other writers to compose a letter of complaint (also called a claim letter). Consider Different Topics The best topic for this assignment will be one that you and the other members of your group truly care about. You may write to the dining hall supervisor to complain about the quality of the food, to an instructor to complain about his or her grading policies, to the governor to complain about cuts to the education budgetwhatever subject the members of your group find interesting and worthwhile. Begin by suggesting topics, and ask one member of the group to write them down as they are given. Dont stop at this point to discuss or evaluate the topics: simply prepare a long list of possibilities. Choose a Topic and Brainstorm Once you have filled a page with topics, you can decide among yourselves which one you would like to write about. Then discuss the points that you think should be raised in the letter. Again, have one member of the group keep track of these suggestions. Your letter will need to explain the problem clearly and show why your complaint should be taken seriously. At this stage, you may discover that you need to gather additional information to develop your ideas effectively. If so, ask one or two members of the group to conduct some basic research and bring their findings back to the group. Draft and Revise a Letter After collecting sufficient material for your letter of complaint, elect one member to compose a rough draft. When this has been completed, the draft should be read aloud so that all members of the group can recommend ways to improve it through revision. Each group member should have the opportunity to revise the letter according to the suggestions made by the others. To guide your revision, you may want to study the structure of the sample complaint letter that follows. Notice that the letter has three distinct parts: An introduction that clearly identifies the subject of the complaint.A body paragraph that (a) clearly and specifically explains the nature of the complaint, and (b) provides the reader with all of the information needed to provide an appropriate response.A conclusion that clearly states what actions are needed to remedy the problem. Annie Jolly110-C Woodhouse LaneSavannah, Georgia 31419November 1, 2007Mr. Frederick Rozco, PresidentRozco Corporation14641 Peachtree BoulevardAtlanta, Georgia 303030Dear Mr. Rozco:On October 15, 2007, in response to a special television offer, I ordered a Tressel Toaster from your company. The product arrived in the mail, apparently undamaged, on October 22. However, when I tried to operate the Tressel Toaster that same evening, I was distressed to find that it did not fulfill your claim to provide fast, safe, professional hair-styling. Instead, it severely damaged my hair.After following the instructions to set up the toaster away from other appliances on a dry counter in my bathroom, I inserted the steel comb and waited 60 seconds. Then I removed the comb from the toaster and, following the instructions for a Venusian Curl, ran the hot comb through my hair. After just a few seconds, however, I smelled burning hair, and so I immediately placed the comb back into the toaster. When I did this, sparks flew from the outlet. I reached to unplug the toaster, but I was too late: a fuse had already blown out. A few minutes later, after replacing the fuse, I looked in the mirror and saw that my hair had been scorched in several spots.I am returning the Tressel Toaster (along with the unopened bottle of Un-Do Shampoo), and I expect a full refund of $39.95, plus $5.90 for shipping costs. In addition, I am enclosing a receipt for the wig I purchased and will have to wear until the damaged hair grows out. Please send me a check for $303.67 to cover the refund for the Tressel Toaster and the cost of the wig.Sincerely,Annie Jolly Notice how the writer has delivered her complaint with facts rather than emotions. The letter is firm and direct but also respectful and polite. Revise, Edit, and Proofread Your Letter Invite one member of your group to read aloud your letter of complaint and respond to it as if he or she had just received it in the mail. Does the complaint sound valid and worth taking seriously? If so, ask the members of the group to revise, edit, and proofread the letter one final time, using the following checklist as a guide: Does your letter follow the standard format shown in the example above?Does your letter consist of an introduction, a body paragraph, and a conclusion?Does your introductory paragraph clearly identify what you are complaining about?Does your body paragraph clearly and specifically explain the nature of the complaint?In the body paragraph, have you provided the reader with all of the information needed if he or she is to respond effectively to your complaint?Have you conveyed your complaint calmly and clearly, relying on facts rather than emotions?Have you clearly organized the information in your body paragraph so that one sentence leads logically to the next?In your conclusion, have you clearly stated what action(s) you want your reader to take?Have you proofread the letter carefully?

Three Laws in One Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Three Laws in One Life - Essay Example Johannes is said to have been a rather sickly child, but was impossibly brilliant and excelled through his schooling, despite constant bullying and teasing by the other pupils. Somewhat of a loner, Johannes considered himself as an outsider, and tended to keep to himself during his childhood years. Kepler was introduced to mathematics and astrology at a young age, and began attending the University of Tbingen in 1587. There he concentrated solely on his studies, proving himself as a superb mathematician. He graduated from there in 1591 and went on pursuing various different studies, until April of 1594, when he was offered the position of teacher of mathematics and astronomy at the Protestant school in Graz, Austria - he immediately accepted. In April 1597, Kepler married Barbara Mller, and together they had three children: Susanna (1602), Friedrich (1604-1611), and Ludwig (1607-1663). It was in that same year in which he married that he published his first significant piece of work, The Cosmographic Mystery, in which he explained his argument on the relative distances of the planets from the Sun in the Copernican System. It was in this work which he defended the Copernican theory that the Sun, rather than the Earth, was at the center of the solar system. Although some had doubts, Kepler's opinions proved to be remarkably accurate. "Kepler was forced to leave his teaching post at Graz due to the Counter Reformation because he was Lutheran and moved to Prague to work with the renowned Danish astronomer, Tycho Brahe." ("Kepler Mission," 2005). "Unlike Brahe, Kepler believed firmly in the Copernican system." ("Astronomy 161," n.d.). When Brahe died in 1601, Kepler was appointed as his successor and given the title of 'Imper ial Mathematician', the most esteemed appointment in mathematics in Europe. What are the Most Important Things Johannes Kepler Accomplished in his Lifetime It was at this point in his life when Kepler truly began his list of incredulous accomplishments. Within a span of only several years he published numerous works, including Astronomia Nova ("New Astronomy") in 1609, which contained his first two laws: one that planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as one of the foci, and the other, that a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times. Following an opposite precept to other astronomers, Kepler brought an excitingly new view to things. "Kepler took an openly dynamic approach, introducing the physics into the heavens." ("The Galileo Project," 1995). In 1613 Kepler published a work on chronology and the year of Jesus' birth which demonstrated that in his opinion the Christian calendar was in error by five years, and that Jesus had actually been born in 4 BC - an opinion that is now universally shared. Between 1617 and 1621 Kepler published still more ingenious works, including Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae ("Epitome of Copernican Astronomy"), which was the most instrumental introduction to heliocentric

Strategic Marketing Managment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Marketing Managment - Case Study Example They have tried their hardest to keep Google away from the shores of book scanning and digitizing to millions of readers worldwide. What their point of view does is to present a gloomy picture of the thinking that the Authors Guild have and how they want to earn from each and every opportunity that comes their way. The basic objection to the digitizing and book scanning aspect is that Google makes use of these excerpts on its web pages which are filled with advertisements thus accounting to huge returns on the part of Google in the form of advertising revenues and marketing shares. There seems to be no other way than to adopt the advertising bandwagon since Google is a public domain in the present times more than anything else and any and everybody can copy, view and scan whatsoever he or she wants for their reading pleasure (Author Unknown 2005). The search engine does its best to make the texts, which can range from parodies to excerpts of the various books, presentable to all and sundry and it is only with the naivety attached with this thinking perspective of the Authors Guild that the project seems to hit the doldrums. Moving further ahead, the Authors Guild raises the point that Google is infringing the copyright laws whereby it has gone a step ahead of its competitors like Yahoo and the like and presented the books in a scanned mode (Brumfield 2005). What the Authors Guild forgets is the fact that it is for the betterment of the readers themselves – for whom the books are written in the first place. The Authors Guild is basically opposed to the Google Print Library Project which has the basic functioning of scanning nearly all parts of a particular book which has been taken from the libraries of University of Michigan, Stanford University, Harvard University, Oxford University and the New York Public Library (Author Unknown 2005). These texts are easily searchable courtesy the Google search engine and thus the intended users (readers) can easily g o through the contents of the books on view. The aspect of advertisements on these web pages where the texts are made available through the search corridor is something that raises quite a few eye brows on the part of the Authors Guild and thus they come up with the faintest of lawsuits which asks to prohibit the searchable capacity of these books through the help and facilitation of Google. The President of the Authors Guild, Nick Taylor suggests that this perspective alone presented by Google is a clear cut violation of the copyright laws and hence the searchable capacity made available on the part of Google should be taken away as far as Google is concerned (Kuchinskas 2005). The Google authorities are rightfully pointing out the benefits that the general viewers (readers) of these books would indeed have and not only that but also the sale of these books would increase as a result, an aspect which could draw huge revenues for the authors who have penned down these books. Somehow or the other, they seem to forget this very vital aspect. As a business entity, Google extracts money and in more business like terms, the revenue from allocating space in the form of banners, buttons and hyperlinks to advertisers at rates which are not only cost effective but also aim at bulk deals (Mills 2005). With this, Google gives them an opportunity to come back and invest more and more with the help of ads since they (advertisers) believe that they get the best possible

The Effect Of Technology In Current Architecture Cultural Studies Essay

The Effect Of Technology In Current Architecture Cultural Studies Essay Technology opens the door to the future. It is one of the main essence that shape and changes the way society behaves, as well as trancends the surrounding to suits the way society lives. Nowadays, the effect of new technology has reached almost every level of the society, and one of it is modern building technology. It has great implication in the creation of space in architecture and interior design. Since the early days, architecture has been one of the most important needs of man. It is a space to live and work, an environment to interact and provoke emotions, as well as a realm where experiences and memories are created. This feelings and emotions are evoked by the form and shape, the arrangement of forms and by the relationships that the space draws with the surroundings. It affects every part of human senses. As technology developed, the meaning of architecture started to adapt with it. Formerly, with conventional building technology, the shape and form of architecture that could be achieved is only a simple and pure form. It leads to a trend of homogeneous building, which makes every architecture looks similiar. Within this limitation, architects and designers became more sensitive and focus on crafting experiences in a space. These experiences then become memories that will be remembered by the visitor and elements that differentiate one building from another. As this continues, buildings visual aesthetic is slowly decreasing. Currently, with the creation and development of building technology, the inventions of cutting-edge and futuristic looking forms and shapes are possibble. New materials and structures are created and evolved everywhere. These advancements have made architects become so attached with visual appearance. Meanings that majority of them concentrate on using technology in order to discover new forms and shapes for architecture in order to reflects the idea for which it was designed. The design of the buildings that focused on visual aesthethic has led to a trend of creating a form that looks good rather than a space that feels good. With this trend continues, it seems that the role of visual sense has being privileged when compared to other human senses. The impact of this trend causes the design of the current architecture being reduced and restricted into the visual experience. With the absence of other senses, the strength of interaction that affect our bodies with a space is being diminished. This indicates that the tendency of architecture of image rather than architecture of experience is increasing. The products of architecture of image will only offer visual consumption which wont create lasting impressions that all the architects strive for. It will only become a nice looking postcard of visually striking building. Hence, the essay aims to prove that the current use of technology in architecture is only being used to achieve visual aesthetics and has decreased the value of architecture. The essay will also argue that technology to achieve powerful form has to be able to grow hand in hand with other human senses in order to create valuable experience and memory in a space . Only then, the value of architecture can be pushed to a full potential. Architecture of Experience rather than Visual Instead of experiencing our being in the world, we behold it from outside as spectators of images projected on the surface of the retina. Pallasmaa, J, 2005, p.47 Before we can move forward to the main issue, to question the effect of technology towards current architecture, it is important to look and understand briefly what is the nature and value of architecture since the early days it was created. Through out the history, despite of a large number of definition have been proposed by numerous architects, the answer to this have never came to a conclusion. Maybe it is because there are diverse ways to formulate an answer to this. One of the vast definitions of architecture maybe can be found in dictionaries, which means design of a building. It seems that this definition leads to a diminishing understanding that building is just an object. Some even make comparison of architecture with other form of arts which is sculpture. For instance, Santiago Calatrava, a world-renowned spanish architects that combined sculpture and painting with architecture. He is claimed as a building sculpturor and had an exhibition world-wide about his works. So is architecture an application of aesthetics consideration to the form of buildings? Or an Santiago Calatrava: Sculpture into Architecture, The Metropolitan Museum of Art art of making buildings beautiful? This idea of definition seems to have miss a central core of the nature and value of architecture. Previously, in the prehistoric time where architecture is not even born yet, human lives in a nomadic way. They move from one place to another. When night comes, they stop and light a fire to warm them up. By doing so, they started to define a place. And if they intend to stay there longer, they started to define a place to sleep, a place to shelter them from the rain, a place to collect and store food, a place where they can defend themselves from danger, etc. From their chosen site, experience of their surrounding, until the organization of their place, this leads to an evolution from a place to architecture. Based on that, one can said that the nature and value of architecture is the sense of a place that is created by the experience and organization of the building and surrounding itself. Thus, architecture relates to the way people live, it changes and evolves based on the environments, experiences and needs. As time goes on, places that people used has became more diversed, sophisticated and complexed which made architecture consistently changing as well. Started from the prehistoric era where human dwells in an occasional caves and temporal tents from woods to round houses that made of bricks, and into the stone age. Not only materials that has evolved, functions and tools to build each building have advanced as well. From the early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Roman and the East, the development in architecture to create building for different purposes has greatly varied. Egypts Pyramids, Greeks Temples, and Romans Amphitheatres are just few illustrations of various functions that can be found globally. Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt Built 2560 BC Colosseum, Rome Built 1st Century AD Parthenon Temple, Greece Built 5th Century BC The form, material, tools and function of the architecture evolves because of the resources that is available in the environment. The needs for stronger materials to create shelter and better materials to craft the atmosphere for different functions has made the tool or building technology to advance too. With this different materials and technologies, human are able to generates unique experience which would enriched the physical and psychological sensory in an architecture. In the time where modern building technology is not developed yet, there is a limitation in the creation of architectural form. Architects and engineers are only able to produce a simple and pure form which makes every buildings looks similar. Considering this constraints, the focus of architecture at this time is in the creation of experiences which is the nature and value of architecture since the early days. People lived through experiencing the world with body senses. One sense interact with other senses to be able to let him or her integrates with the surrounding and the world. Architecture is the products of this constant interaction between people with the surrounding and the world. Architecture also provide spaces where people could do their daily activities, experience the surrounding, feel comfortable with it and generate memories through these interactions. The interaction that happens can be either simple or complex. It means that the space within the architecture should be able to generate interaction with at least one or all of the body senses. This is due to, as human we have needs and desires, beliefs and aspirations, as well as aesthetic sensibility that are affected by warmth, touch, odour, sound and visual stimuli. Every interaction that happens will be experience by the body and if the experience through the space is strong enough, it will formulate an impactful memory to the visitors mind. And If this is successful, the lasting impression that every architects strive for will be achieved. That is why architecture should be design with a thought of multi-sensory experience. The Commissioners House of the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda, By Edward Holl, built : 1820sNevertheless, over this time, there is one senses that architects and engineers could not satisfied with. It is the visual aesthetic, which is because of the technology at that time couldnt afford to provide the structure, system and material to create a visually striking form. With the will and the unsatisfactory as the main force that drives architects and designers to overcome this issue. This has led to numerous experiments over the time. Until the 19th century, in the industrial revolution era, when cast iron can be produce in a large numbers and cheaply enough. This is when architects and designers started to become aware of the glorious potential of cast iron used in architecture. One of the first residential project that use cast-iron as the structural framework is The Commissioners House of the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda (Potter, D, 2006). This marks the dawn of Modern building technology. As technology has advanced towards a new level, which is the modern building technology, the nature and value of architecture started to shift and adapt as well. This development has begun to revolutionize architecture into an entirely new direction. With this modern building technology , architects and designers is provided with a new range of materials and tools to achieve and satisfy their hunger of a more advanced form. Previously, the architectural language of each location has their own unique characteristics. This is because of their environment would only be able to produce certain kinds of materials. Due to this, architects and designers tended to use resources that were available and plentiful in their location. Which means that the materiality and tool spoke more to place, to locale, and in a way was more purely defined with the unique representative of that certain location. For instance, the Pyramid in Egypt that is made from stone is entirely different with the Temple i n China which is made from wood. But with modern building technology , transportation of materials from one location to another location has became possible, the ability to mass products have made the cost of construction became lower, and the innovation of new and better material is continually increasing. This development has made architecture become more efficient and effective in every layer, either it is the construction, the time span to complete, the experience that could achieved inside the space or even the form of the architecture. Beginning by looking into the traditional materials that have been used since the prehistoric times, which is the wood. This material could be considered as the forefather of all current materials. Started with the wood, in the early days where prehistoric people used this to build tents as their shelter from the sun and rain. By constructing tree trunks or branches together creating the shape of an inverted V-shape, putting some support to hold it firm on the ground and covered with leaves. This creates the simplest foundation of architecture form. As human evolved so does materials for their shelter. Moving from wood to stone, as a stronger material, the form of the shelter started to develop into tent-like house by stacking different stones together. As humans move on to the times of early civilizations, the needs, desires, and beliefs have been greatly developed too. This leads to the creation of places of worships, sacrifices, monuments, and governments. Based on these, the form of the architecture started to goes vertically higher and bigger. At this time, pillar, column, beam, arch and dome has started to be build to fulfill the functions of the architecture. Then into the middle age, where castles are becoming a common forms of architecture in every part of europe. And as it moves through The Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassicism and Gothic revival, from 15th century to 18th century, architects and designers feels that every architecture has looked similiar because of the limitation of technology and material. US Capitol Building Washington DC, Built : 1793 Neoclassicism Architecture St Mary Basillica Venice, Built : 1630 Baroque Architecture The Basilica of Saint Peter Rome, Built : 1590 Renaissance Architecture Joseph Paxtons Crystal Palace of the Great Exhibition London, Built : 1851 Until 19th century, when modern building technology is discovered. This technology allowed iron to be used in architecture because it has became relatively cheaper which previously considered as a very expensive material. Irons are architecurally unique because of being relatively lightweight and malleable as well as strong. More over, because of its properties, they are able to used for free-form designs. In this period, glass is also widely used and available. Glass is used for its optimal balance between aesthetics and functions. By using glass, the building are able to change, move and create certain environments because it allows light to transmits in and for architect light is one of the poweful tool in crafting experience in an architecture. One of the architecture that reflects a building of high technology in this period is the Joseph Paxtons Crystal Palace of the Great Exhibition. Built in 1851 in London, this building was made of modular cast iron and glass which symbolize the industrial, technological and economic superiority of the modern building technology. And in 20th century, plastics became widely known and popular as well. It is because plastics are lightweight,resilient, generally resistant to corosion and moisture, and can be molded and formed into complex shapes. And because It is the only man-made material, this allowed it to be developed even more in the future. This opens the door for architects and designers to realize all the crazy ideas that they had in mind. And with this the notion of architecture of image is slowly becoming a trends. With advancement in modern building technology materials and tools to construct a building have greatly expansed. Back then, buildings are limited with height. Mainly it is because of the limitation of materials and tools. This caused architects and designers to think and design horizantally . But with modern building technology, current buildings are able to go higher becoming a skyscraper or go deeper underground, maybe becoming an earthscraper, and not only going vertically, it also allows the buildings to be built diagonally. From geometric to organic form or from masses to pixels, with the current technology everything is possible. Architecture has entered into a realm of visual form which is nothing more or less than the creation of buildings tangible and visible shapes. Beekman Tower, Frank Gehry New York One example of a purely visual architecture is the Beekman Tower in New York by Frank Gehry. It is a curious fusion of public and private zones. What makes the tower so intoxicating is the exterior skin of the buildings which is mad of aluminum foil. The folds evoke rivulets of water, crinkled sheets of melting ice. The effect of this ripples will be heightened by light and shadow dancing across the surfaces over the course of a day. This building is surely a successful design and appealing to one of human senses which is the visual. But for the interior, everything inside the space is dully conventional. The consideration towards other senses inside the space in order to experience the space has being neglected. Another one is the Orchard Central in Singapore by DP Architects. The key design element of this shopping mall according to DP Architects is on the facade of the mall which will be an 11-storey-high faceted membrane which will function as a massive media wall and is set to be an iconic feature at the junction of Orchard and Killiney roads. The idea of this is to add aural and visual vibrancy to the central stretch of Orchard Road. By doing so, the architectural facade of a building is no longer made of solid materials but is, instead, an ever-changing, programmable image. The problem with this is the elimination of other senses and the dependency towards the vision has made the design of Orchard Central, DP Architects Singapore the space unattracted and unable to create a connection with the visitors. Based on both of the case studies above, it is fairly obvious that the privileged of visual senses over other human senses will create a sense of detachment between the architecture and the visitors. This is merely because human experience the world and the surroundings through their senses. The sounds of steps, the light that penetrate through the space, the coldness of the concrete walls, scale and proportion are just few ways of how architecture interact with the visitors. This interaction is then strengtened and articualted through the complex interaction of human senses and will be perceived by the visitors as an experience. With this two-way interaction between visitors and architecture, this will lead to the creation of meaningful memory towards the space. It is true that vision is the first connection between human and the world. Most of us, when we are walking through a space or street, are affected in one way or another by the looks of the buildings that we pass, the positions of the objects and the arrangements inside the space. But in architecture, the reliance in the sphere of vision will only made the building existed merely in a surface level which is as an objects of visual expression such as a postcard. Architecture should be able to interact with every human senses because it is a representation or expression of human minds. And the only way to communicate with the mind is by experiencing the world and surrounding through the senses. That is when architecture has moved on to another level. So, by using the modern technology, not only to grasped the visual aesthetics that has became a trends nowadys, but also to craft the experience that has been the nature and value of architecture since the early days. This will affects the human physically and psychologically and will pushed the architecture to the full potential.

A & P Case Study on Addisons Disease

Unit 1 Case Study Addison’s disease is from a result from damage to the adrenal cortex. These two adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys, where they are enclosed in a fibrous capsule and a cushion of fat. . The have an outer portion, called the cortex, which is a glandular tissue derived from embryonic mesoderm. The inner portion called the medulla, which is more like a knot of nervous tissue than a gland and it is part of the sympathetic nervous system. The adrenal cortex synthesizes over two dozen steroid hormones called corticosteroids. The Adrenal medulla is part of the autonomic nervous system. They are often referred to as the suprarenal glands. That damage causes the cortex to produce less of their hormones (corticosteroids) The 3 types of hormone secreted are the glucocorticoid hormone (Cortisol) which maintain glucose control, decrease immune response and help the body respond to stress. The mineralocorticoid hormones (aldosterone) regulates sodium and potassium balance. The 3rd one is the sex hormones, androgen and estrogen, which affect sexual development and sex drive. There are a few things that may cause damage such as, the immune system mistakenly attacking the gland autoimmune disorder), infections such as tuberculosis, HIV or fungal infections. Hemorrhage’s, tumors and use of blood thinning drugs are some other causes. Risk factors for the autoimmune type of Addison’s disease include chronic thyroiditis, dermatis herpetiforms, Graves’ disease, hypoparathyroidism, hypopituitarism, myasthenia gravis, testicular dysfunction, type 1 diabetes and pernicious anemia. Usually the destruction of the adrenal gland cortex is often gradual and the symptoms are mild. Addison’s often goes undiagnosed until a sudden illness or accident occurs. The worsening of symptoms is called acute adrenal insufficiency and can be life threatening. Let’s go back to the start of symptoms with Addison’s disease. Here are a few, changes in heart rate and blood pressure, chronic diarrhea, darkening of the skin (it becomes patchy), irregular menstruation, irritability, paleness, extreme weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, salt cravings, slow, sluggish movements, weight loss, lesions on the buccal mucosa, nausea and vomiting. Acute adrenal crisis have similar symptoms of course, however you will also see abdominal ain, confusion, dizziness, headaches, joint pain, rapid heart rate, rapid respirations, shaking chills, unusual and excessive sweating on face and/or palms. And in severe cases coma and/or death. The initial diagnosis and decision to treat are based on history, physical examination and lab findings. Lab tests such as ACTH stimulation test, cortisol level, fasting blood sugar, serum potassium and serum sodium. Tests ma y show an increase in potassium, low cortisol level, low serum sodium. The Adrenal medullae normally secrete 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine. Sympathetic stimulation results in secretion. Epinephrine is the more potent stimulator of metabolic activities, but norepinephrine has the greater influence on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure. The adrenal cortex produces the 3 hormones listed above. Cortisol is produced from 2 hydroxylations of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. Cortisol is 90-93% protein bound. Glucocorticoids are nonspecific cardiac stimulants that activate release of vasoactive substances. So in the absence of corticosteroids, stress results in hypotension, shock and even death. Glucocorticoids stimulate gluconeogenesis and decrease cellular glucose use, obilize amino acids and fatty acids, inhibit the effects of insulin, and give rise to ketone bodies in metabolism, elevate RBC and platelet levels and exhibit anti- inflammatory effects. Adrenal crisis occurs when the adrenal gland is damaged (primary adrenal insufficiency), the pituitary gland is injured (secondary adrenal insufficiency) or that adrenal insufficiency is not properly treated. Treat ment with replacement corticosteroids will control the symptoms of this disease, and this usually will require the patient to take these drugs for life. It is receive a combination of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. The provider may increase the dose in times of infection, injury and stress. With adrenal crisis patients will need an immediate injection of hydrocortisone, either IM, or IV. If the blood pressure is extreme low IV fluids will be helpful. Complications can occur if you take too much or not enough of the adrenal hormone supplement. This complications can arise due to related illnesses such as diabetes, chronic thyroiditis, hypoparathyroidsim, ovarian hypofunction or testicular failure, thyrotoxicosis and pernicious anemia. Low sodium with Addison’s should be carefully corrected, if one to quickly it can lead to brain damage, this is noted in a 2004 article in â€Å"American family Physician† they require immediate but slow administration of saline, which is basically salt water, composed of sodium chloride in water. They list a second step which then be finding the underlying cause. Primary adrenocortical insufficiency is not a common disorder. It’s incidence in western populations are near 50 cases per 1,000, 000. However with the widespread corticosteroid use secondary adrenocortical insufficiency due to steroid withdrawal has become much more common. Approximately 6,000,000 persons in the United States are considered to have undiagnosed adrenal insufficiency, which is significant only during times of physiologic stress. Primary adrenocortical insufficiency does have many etiologies. But it is noted that 70-80% of the cases in the United States are caused by autoimmune adrenal destruction. It is found that about 30% of the time the adrenal damage is due other causes such as TB. In children about 70% of the cases are caused by a congenital disease termed congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Primary adrenocortical insufficiency affects men and women equally, women are affected 2-3 imes more often by the idiopathic autoimmune form of adrenal insufficiency. In idiopathic autoimmune adrenal insufficiency, the diagnosis is most often found in the third to fourth decades of life. This disease however is not limited to any specific age group. â€Å"American Family Physician†, Kian Peng:2004 â€Å"Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease†, Vinay Kumar 8th Ed 2009 http:/emedicine. medscape. com/article/765753-overview http:/labtestsonline. org/understanding/conditions/addisons-disease/ http:/www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000378. htm