Imperialism in India and China - 1234 Words

British imperialism in China and India brought very different responses, in part because of the nature of imperialism in each place. While both regions were greatly influenced by the British, in India the country was placed under the direct rule of the Queen. In China on the other hand, the spheres of influence were economic, and did not entail direct British rule. During the British imperial age the culture of China continued on much the same as it had before, while in India the British tried to replace the Indian culture with their own. British influence in China began with the introduction of the opium drug. In England this drug was already widely in use, even among Christians. William Wilberforce, the slave-trade abolitionist,†¦show more content†¦Christianity spread, railroads and canals were built and India became very anglicized. The British also outlawed the practice of widow burning, in which the widow of a man throws herself on her husbands funeral pyre. Missionari es, such as Amy Carmichael, rescued child prostitutes from temple shrines. They also worked to change the attitude toward the untouchables. Untouchables are outcasts-people considered too impure, too polluted, to rank as worthy beings†¦ [They] are shunned, insulted, banned from temples and higher caste homes, made to eat and drink from separate utensils in public places, and, in extreme but not uncommon cases, are raped, burned, lynched, and gunned down. The British gave them access to commerce, communication and education. In 1909 the British passed an act allowing them to participate directly in politics. Meanwhile, back in China, all was not well. Because the British did not supplant the Chinese government, but simply weakened it, the Chinese people began to rebel against the government in power, the Manchu dynasty. Buddhists who were frustrated with government corruption and taxes led the White Lotus Rebellions. In the Taiping Rebellion a group of nationalistic Chinese trie d to bring down the Manchu government and in the process over 20 million people were killed. In China the British did not take over the government as they did in India, Therefore, in India, when independence movements began, the efforts wereShow MoreRelated British Imperialism in India and China Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesBritish Imperialism in India and China Imperialism is the domination of a weaker country by a stronger country. For instance Britain dominated India and China in the mid 1880s to the beginning of the 20th century. Imperialism has had both a positive and negative effects on the countries involved. Britain was imperialistic for many reasons, it could dominate because it had the technology and power to do so. They also needed land to acquire raw materials for growing markets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One countryRead MoreEssay on China, India, and Japan Responds to Western Imperialism2293 Words   |  10 PagesCHINA, INDIA, AND JAPAN RESPONDS TO WESTERN IMPERIALISM C. H. HIS 351 Asia in Age of Decolonization and Globalization August 2012 Western imperialism or expansion ignored a country’s sovereign right to self-rule and independence from dominant foreign powers. Using the premise of colonization or Manifest Destiny, the search for trade routes, raw goods and materials, and cheap sources of labor legitimized imperialistic might. Whether it was the undiscovered countries of the Americas, the darkRead MoreHow Did Imperialism Effect The Areas Of Africa, China, And India?1615 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Imperialism How did imperialism effect the areas of Africa, China, and India? Imperialism is the act of a strong nation overtaking a smaller, weaker nation. There are many reasons why imperialism occurs, including motives from an economic standpoint, as well as just a way to show and achieve power. There were both positive and negative effects to imperialism, with the loss of many original citizens, but gaining different ways of life through cultural diffusion. For instance, many EuropeanRead MoreEffects Of Ww1 On South And East Asia1285 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Indian Nationalist Movement on India, and the growth of communism in China. The growth of Japan was seen as an geographical and economic change because the alliance with Britain made Japan wealthier and gained them more land. In addition, The Great Depression was seen as an economic change because when it took place the value of Japanese exports decreased. In China there’s a fight for imperialism, as in India where there is a fight to remove imperialism; causing major effects on South andR ead MoreThe Far Reaching Effects of Imperialism1323 Words   |  5 PagesAge near the beginning of the nineteenth century also came with the rise of nationalism, or the belief that a country’s way of life was superior to others. Nationalistic ideologies, born in the coal ovens of Industry, soon gave way to systems of imperialism that would quickly take hold in other parts of the world. For the purposes of this essay, can be broadly defined as a symbiotic relationship between an industrialized state and an agrarian state in which the industrialized state almost always benefitsRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And European Imperialism1172 Words   |  5 PagesThe Industrial Revolution heavily influenced European imperialism because they needed raw goods, slaves and other types of resources to effectively expand their territories. Imperialism is a policy in which large or powerful countries seek to extend their authority beyond their own borders.The British also had a lot of political and economic motives to begin claiming these areas that had these special goods and eventually they became British territories. Manufacturers needed these raw materials becauseRead MoreImperialism During The Late 1800s1658 Words   |  7 Pages The effects of imperialism during the late 1800s had been either the means of ruins of a society or the very means of success for a country. Due to the advanced technology, countries manipulated their new found power to the greatest potential. If not all, many industrialized countries expanded their rule over to foreign lands. As imperialism occurs within a country, the natives have the option to follow the new rulers or get destroyed. With inferior technology only such choice will result forRead MoreEssay on Historiography of Globalization1558 Words   |  7 Pagesolder connections. I will define each stage of globalization with regard to the current model, the onrush of each stage of globalization in terms of older patterns in both India and China, and finally how the British empire took advantage of these preexistent linkages to bring about Modern globalization in both India and China;all in hopes of dispelling the Eurocentrism present in the current explanation of Globaliza tion. In order to examine each stage globalization in terms of the other, one mustRead MoreImperialism and India Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pagesor region’s political, cultural, or economic life by one country is called imperialism. (Esler, page. 632) European imperialism began in the 1800s. â€Å"European nations won empires in the Americas after1492, established colonies in India and Southeast Asia, and gained toeholds on the coast of Africa and China. Despite these gains, between 1500 and 1800, Europe had little influence on the lives of the peoples of China, India or Africa.† (Esler, page.632) Then the Europeans industrialized and believeRead MoreWestern Imperialism and Modern East Asia Essay example1188 Words   |  5 PagesWestern imperialism in East Asia caused many tribulations for China, Japan, and Korea but also helped them to become contemporary nations. The East Asian countries were tremendously affected by unequal treaties, extraterritoriality, and above all, technology. Great Britain encroached upon China their greed for open trade with the Chinese empire resulting in the deterioration of the Chinese culture, which led to the emergence of a modernized civilization. Japan was co-subjugated by Russia and the

Interpersonal Relationships At The Workplace - 1614 Words

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP AT THE WORKPLACE Raed Alzahrani COM 110 Lori Bevan 05/09/2016 Interpersonal Communication at the Workplace. People talk and it is through talking to one another that we are able to develop interpersonal communication and relationship. Interpersonal communication can therefore be defined as the process by which two or more individuals exchange ideas and information for a specific purpose. The individuals that are exchanging information and ideas are the sender of the message and the party that is receiving the message. For effective communication to take place, these two parties should alternate roles whereby the sender would take time and listen to what the receiver has to say. This would enhance comprehension and memory. Another essential aspect to the communication process is of course the message. These are the contextual ideas that one is trying to articulate. The message is not only communicated through verbal words but all through gestures and facial expressions. For proper delivery of the message, the receiver has to signal the sender th at he or she has understood what the sender is trying to communicate. This is called feedback. Feedback is achieved through actions such shaking of one’s head in agreement and sound expressions such as â€Å"yea† and â€Å"aha†. Interpersonal communication is applied on a regular basis in our lives so as to achieve certain objectives. Superiors talk to their subordinates when issuing out instructions andShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal Communication And The Workplace946 Words   |  4 PagesInterpersonal communication in the workplace is developed positively or negatively on the individual relationships we have combined with our human behaviors and human actions within each of those relationships. There are many things that can affect interpersonal communications within the workplace, from generational that create technological gaps, to diversity and tolerance it creates, and finally the type of workplace, is it a team environment encouraging inclusiveness within the organization orRead MoreInterpersonal Behavior Within the Organization1389 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Interpersonal behavior is the interaction between two or more persons. It is imperative to building and maintaining any type of relationship in our social world. However, when looking at interpersonal behavior in the workplace, things become a little more complicated. Interpersonal behavior affects the relationships between coworker and coworker, coworker and supervisor, and even worker and customer. Interpersonal relationships are important in career and job success. PositiveRead MoreEffective Communication in the Workplace Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesEffective Communication in the Workplace The workplace is an environment where more and more Americans are spending significant portions of their time. In fact, 25 million workers reported spending at least 49 hours a week at work, (Schabner, 2013). This means that having effective communication in the workplace is becoming increasingly important. Not just to improve business practices, but to improve the quality of both employer AND employee satisfaction. Effective interpersonal communication is the mostRead MoreHow Employees Can Work And Progress Relationships With Managers1669 Words   |  7 Pagesskills are one of the essential parts of leading people to work successfully in the relationships with co-workers as well as clients in their commercial enterprises. Therefore, interacting with management, clients and team members in the workplace can help in order to enhance the interest of the business. Training staff to develop effective communication skills is indispensable for them to be stronger at interpersonal skills. To become greater in the world of business is mainly by this primary methodRead More Disclosure in Work Environments Essay1342 Words   |  6 PagesOpen communication between individuals is very important. This quality is what makes relationships run smoothly between two or more individuals. Barnett, Cochran and Taylor explored significant relations between the openness of communication between management and employees in a previous study (1993). These researchers found that employees expressed concerns and the level of internal disclosures by employees in the study (Barnett et al., 1993). Barnett, Cochran and Taylor also found in theirRead MoreDear Sacramento Chinese Community Service Center,. I Have1409 Words   |  6 PagesDear Sacramento Chinese Community Service Center, I have been recently taking an interpersonal communication course and have discovered a great deal of information that I believe can be extremely beneficial to our agency’s communication effectiveness. I invite you all to think back to one of our previous meetings, do you recall any of the following? A lack of eye contact, a lack of enthusiasm, and frustrated looks on faces? How about an overall sense of discontent so much so that people are disengagedRead MoreRelationship Between The Senior Management Team Of A Company And The Junior Employees1392 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Interpersonal communication plays a very important role in an organization. It enabled employees from different departments to harmoniously work together towards the achievement of common shared goals. In fact, successful business relationships can only be maintained if employees hold impeccable interpersonal communication skills. In this paper, the focus will be on the business relationship between the senior management team of a company and the junior employees. In mostRead MoreCommunication Accommodation Theory ( Cat )1715 Words   |  7 Pagesdiversity in the workplace often requires social exchange theory in order to maintain the self-interest of the employees. Hosting a monthly birthday luncheon is a fantastic venue for commingling between employees; in fact, food is a universal conversation topic as everyone must eat. Coworkers will often need to collaborate on tasks as a group in order to achieve a goal or meet a deadline; therefore, the team members must adapt a nd remain flexible similar to a personal relationship (Roberts GoldstoneRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Relationships On Organizational Attachment, Job Satisfaction, Commitment, And Turnover Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesWorkplace Relationships Nowadays, employees tend to spend a large portion of their lives at workplace. 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In this quest, many theories, concep ts, and axioms have been proposed to explain the complex notion of interpersonal relationships

Case Study Orange Pty Ltd

Questions: Case Study 1: As a result of work undertaken during the planning stage and audit evidence collected for the tests of controls stages of the audit, Robert Smith has determined that there is a low risk of material misstatement (low inherent and control risk) for the following account balances: Wages and salaries Electricity Repairs and maintenance Due to the expected reliability of these controls, Robert has undertaken extensive testing of the controls regarding these account balances, and has concluded that the controls are reliable. Required: Identify one substantive audit procedure for each of the account balances above that will provide sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding the accuracy of that account balance. Case Study 2: You are reviewing your audit assistants work for Orange Pty Ltd for the year ended 30 June 2015, and note the following matters: 1. Your audit assistant undertook a test of controls for 50 sales transactions. This test resulted in three errors. When planning the test, a tolerable error of 5 per cent had been established. The audit assistants working papers noted that none of the errors found were materials, either individually or in aggregate, and she therefore concluded that the controls were reliable. 2. Your audit assistants working papers on the accounts payable testing contain the following notes and conclusion: a. In order to test accounts payable, I selected all balances over $100,000 and vouched these to supporting invoices. The sample selected comprised $2,565,650 of total accounts payable of $5,168,000. One invoice for $102,500 had been incorrectly recorded on the accounts payable listing, as the goods were not actually received until after year end. b. Given the error relates to only 4% of accounts payable tested, which would be a total error of $206,702 of the overall accounts payable balance, it is not material as this is less than the materiality level set for this audit and, therefore, no further work has been performed. I am satisfied that the accounts payable balance of Orange is fairly stated. Required: Comment on the appropriateness of your audit assistants conclusions in each of the above situations. Answers: Case Study 1: Introduction Audit evidence tends to the collection of all information that will be used by an auditor in the arrival of a conclusion which according to the auditors opinion is based and contains data in the accounting records found in the financial statements (Riding, 2013). Therefore, as an auditor, you are not expected to test all the information that is available. Hence, auditors evidence which tends to be cumulative in natures contains audit evidence found in auditing procedures that are done during the audit. Thus, it includes evidence that is obtained from other different resources. The different resources may include previous audit conducted and the firms quality control procedures to test the clients acceptance and continuity (Riding, 2013). There may also be the use of minutes from previous meetings, control manuals of information obtained from past audit procedures and the inspection of the developed auditory information so as to come up with a valid conclusion. In the first case study, we will be developing substantive procedures for the three account balances so as to test the accuracy of the test balances. Wages and Salaries The substantive procedure that we can use to test this account balance is through the reasonable test procedure. Therefore, this procedure of audit accounting tends to focus on the changes in accounts across periods. Thus, it involves the development of a model that forms an expectation base in financial data, nonfinancial data or it may occur under both circumstances (Binnie, 2012). Therefore, the use of this procedure in our case will be based on the application of simple premises, thus, as an auditor one can gather more information on the accuracy of the account. Hence, what becomes certain is that the it becomes easy to examine the relationship between the accounts because of the existence of some underlying economic factors. Therefore, in our case, the wages and salaries accounts can be estimated through average wages from all firms business premises and the total amount of salaries paid. Therefore, through this the auditor can identify the potential problems that may arise in this accounts, this is possible by comparing wages per square foot to the salaries being paid. Hence, this procedure tends to be significant also because one can get the unusual amounts that may have been indicated in the wages and salaries accounts. Electricity In this instance of electricity accounts balance, the confirmation procedure of auditing may play a significant role in accuracy. Confirmation tends to be a unique type of inquiry process that is used in obtaining a certain representation of information or the obtaining process that involves a particular condition that is direct to the third party (American Inst. Of Accountants, 2015). For instance, as an auditor, the application of this substantive procedure means that confirmation is made from the receivables through communication with the debtors. Confirmation procedure is regularly used for the existing account balances and their components, but the restriction is required on these items. Therefore, the development of a communication procedure works in a manner that allows the existence of a modification of the agreements, and if so there is the existence of relevant information is carries. For instance, an auditor may request the confirmation of transactions of an entity by invo lving third parties. Confirmation is also significant since it provides relevant information about the absence of certain data or conditions. For instance, the absence of undisclosed agreement may influence the results of revenue recognition. In our case, the application of this substantiate procedure in determining the accuracy of the electricity account balance will be possible through obtaining of specific types of inquiry. For example, as an auditor, you may obtain vital or critical information about this account by communicating with the electricity providers. Hence, the confirmation request could be designed in a manner that allows you to create an agreement with the parties involved in providing electricity. Hence, it means that as an auditor you obtain the total amount of electric bills that the company paid. Thus, you will be able to produce sufficient audit evidence that is built on the accuracy of the electricity account balance. Repairs and Maintenance The substantive process that may be applied in this instance is by inquiry. Inquiry tends to be information seeking processes that increase the knowledge base process of a particular entity or entry in any financial account balance. Hence, the process is often used in the contemporary performance of the accuracy audit procedure. Therefore, it tends to range from the formal inquiries to the informal inquiries (Sherwood Culey, 2014). Later, one evaluates whether the inquiry response is integral with the results obtained in the process. Hence, the inquiry procedure involves consideration of the knowledge, asking of concise and relevant questions, application of open or closed questions, listening effectively, considering the reactions developed, and evaluating the available response. Hence, in our case, the inquiry process may be significant in determining our accuracy because we may inquire from the people who were responsible for conducting the repair and maintenance the total expense. Therefore, this means that the response attained might offer information that is similar or may differ from the information gathered in this case. Thus, this process shows that we can easily resolve any significance inconsistencies that may be obtained in the process. Hence, the application of the inquiry procedure in the repair and maintenance account balance means that we can be able to keep track of the accurate value of the repair and maintenance accounts. Case Study 2: Part 1 To show the appropriateness of my audit assistance in this case perhaps it would be helpful if I could outline some facts in this case. From what can be gathered is that my assistant undertook test controls from 50 different sales transactions. The planning test took a tolerable error of 5% and the errors identified were not from the materials, they were either individual or in aggregate. Hence, to support my assistance appropriateness Firstly, I would like to state that my assistance work as an auditor is built on opinion 50 different transactions that are obtained and evaluated as audit evidence. Hence, it means my assistant audit process evidence has been inspected, observed, confirmed, recalculated; reperformed and analytical procedures have been done through combination and inquiry (Sherwood Culey, 2014). Though inquiry may offer some significant audit evidence and may produce a misstatement. The use of other methods by my assistant apart from inquiry alone enables me to suppor t the appropriateness of my assistance because of the availability of high assertion levels and high operation effectiveness of the controls. Therefore, the reasonable assurance of by my assistant through sufficient audit evidence lowers the audit risk. Part 2 In this instance, to support the appropriateness of my assistant, what I observe is that in the assessment of the risk that is on material misstatement and financial statement, my assistant provides a clear understanding of the audit control environment (Riding, 2013). In an effective control environment, the auditor is confident in the internal control and reliability of his audit evidence generated within the provided entities. To support this, my assistant understands that the 4% of accounts payable tested has a less material level. Hence, he drew a conclusion that he is satisfied with the accounts payable. Also, his ability to identify the goods that were not received until the end of year shows that he has a clear understanding of his auditing control environment. Hence, the consideration of all relevant audit evidence by my assistant support appropriate audit evidence as the assistant auditor draw qualified opinion or disclaiming of opinions in the financial statements. References European Court Of Auditors. (2010),Audit of the clearance of accounts procedure: (pursuant to Article 287(4), second subparagraph, TFEU). Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union. Riding, K. (2013),Establishment of a building audit procedure and analysis for the Kansas Department of Transportation phase 2A buildings. Topeka, Kan, Kansas Department of Transportation. United States. (2013),Energy in municipal waste water treatment: an energy audit procedure and supporting data base: appendix a. American Institute Of Certified Public Accountants. (2015),Case studies in auditing procedure. New York, N.Y., American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Sherwood, J. F., Culey, R. T. (2014),Auditing: theory and procedure. Madison, US Armed Forces Inst. Binnie, A. (2012),Audit programmes and procedure. London, Gee.

Summary Of The Gun Control Debate Essays - Firearms, Gun Politics

Summary of the Gun Control Debate Since the days of the pioneers of the United States, firearms have been part of the American tradition as protection and a means of hunting or sport. As we near the end of the 20th century the use of guns has changed significantly. Because of fast and steady increase in crime and the fight for the right to own a hand gun, the introduction of legislation for gun control, to try to reduce the crime in the United States, has been a hotly debated issue in recent years. Although many people feel that gun control violates the right of the people, given in the second amendment "the right to bear arms", controlling distribution and sales and the registration of guns and gun owners is necessary because of the homicide rate involving guns and the violence by criminals using guns. Many people feel that gun control violates the right of the people given in the second amendment the right "to bear arms". Opponents of gun control, including the National Rifle Association, better known as the NRA, argue that the "right To bear arms" is guaranteed in the second amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America and licensing restrictions penalize law-abiding citizens while in no way preventing criminal use of handguns. It is also argued that by making it difficult for guns to be bought and registered for the American public there is a threat to the personal safety of American families everywhere. However controlling the sale and distribution of firearms is necessary because of the homicide rate involving guns. In 1988 there were 9000 handgun related murders in America. Metropolitan centers and some suburban communities of America are setting new records for homicides by handguns. Larger Metropolitan centers have ten times the murder rate of all Western Europe. For example in Washington,D.C. there was an estimated 400 homicides including guns. In addition gun control has been seen as necessary because of the violence by criminals using guns. Gun control is wrapped in a series of social issues such as crime and drugs. Guns have become closely linked to drugs and murder in the public mind. Drug dealing and high tech weaponry have escalated the warfare in cities between long established loosely knit gangs. Predominantly guns of crime are used by gang members. Many police officers are killed every year due to drug and gang related incidents involving guns. For example in 1988 on February 26 rookie New York City police officer Edward Byre was sitting alone in his police car guarding the house of a drug trial witness in South Jamaica, Queens where he was shot four times in the head and killed. In conclusion, there are valid reasons for why certain people feel that gun control is unfair. People against gun control feel that it is a violation of the Constitution to control the sale and distribution and the registration of guns and gun owners. But it is necessary for there to be certain limits on the way that firearms are handled in this country because of the homicide rate involving guns and because of the violence created by criminals using guns. If gun control legislation were to go through there would be a significant decline in gun related crimes and fatalities.

Free Essays on The Begining Of Womens Revolution

The Beginning of Women’s Revolution The seed for women’s Rights had begun as early as 1840. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, along with Lucretia C. Mott and Susan B. Anthony, were the early leaders of the Women’s Rights movement. Sojourner Truth played a part in the movement also. Elizabeth Stanton was a well-educated lady in her early twenties. What sparked her interest in women’s rights was when she was listening to a debate over woman’s place in anti-slavery society. Stanton felt â€Å"humiliated and cargined† at what she heard. (400). Lucretia Mott, Mott was a Quaker and a feminist. What a pair they would make. The two women vowed that they would start a movement back in the states for Women’s Rights. This did not happen as soon as they would have liked. Stanton devoted her time to her family back in Boston, and participated a little. Stanton’s husband became ill, forcing her and her family to move to Seneca Falls, NY, where she once again visited the idea of having a convention on Women’s Rights. She became frustrated with the towns people because their way of thinking seemed small. Stanton meets up with Lucretia again, and that’s when they decided to go forth with their original plan-start a conversation over the place of women. These two women were determined to this and make it work. They joined with three of Mott’s friends to plan a convention in Seneca Falls. Mott’s had the experience and knows how to form the meetings, whereas Stanton felt helpless in that area. These women expressed their Grievance they decided to model the â€Å"Declaration of Rights and Sentiments†(401) on the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration drew attention, it demanded the right to vote, equality, property right, education, employment, divorce, and in court. Many people turned out to the meeting, one man in particular, Frederick Douglas a prominent black man, a free slave, and owner of the North ... Free Essays on The Begining Of Women's Revolution Free Essays on The Begining Of Women's Revolution The Beginning of Women’s Revolution The seed for women’s Rights had begun as early as 1840. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, along with Lucretia C. Mott and Susan B. Anthony, were the early leaders of the Women’s Rights movement. Sojourner Truth played a part in the movement also. Elizabeth Stanton was a well-educated lady in her early twenties. What sparked her interest in women’s rights was when she was listening to a debate over woman’s place in anti-slavery society. Stanton felt â€Å"humiliated and cargined† at what she heard. (400). Lucretia Mott, Mott was a Quaker and a feminist. What a pair they would make. The two women vowed that they would start a movement back in the states for Women’s Rights. This did not happen as soon as they would have liked. Stanton devoted her time to her family back in Boston, and participated a little. Stanton’s husband became ill, forcing her and her family to move to Seneca Falls, NY, where she once again visited the idea of having a convention on Women’s Rights. She became frustrated with the towns people because their way of thinking seemed small. Stanton meets up with Lucretia again, and that’s when they decided to go forth with their original plan-start a conversation over the place of women. These two women were determined to this and make it work. They joined with three of Mott’s friends to plan a convention in Seneca Falls. Mott’s had the experience and knows how to form the meetings, whereas Stanton felt helpless in that area. These women expressed their Grievance they decided to model the â€Å"Declaration of Rights and Sentiments†(401) on the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration drew attention, it demanded the right to vote, equality, property right, education, employment, divorce, and in court. Many people turned out to the meeting, one man in particular, Frederick Douglas a prominent black man, a free slave, and owner of the North ...

How to Raise Your Hand in Class

How to Raise Your Hand in Class Do you get the urge to sink into your chair when you know the answer to a question that your teacher has asked? Of course you already know how to raise your hand. But do you avoid it because its scary? Many students find that their entire vocabulary (and ability to think) disappears when they try to speak up in class. If this sounds familiar, youre not alone. But there are a few reasons why you should build up that courage and express yourself. For one thing, youll find that you become more self-assured every time you speak up (as painful as it may seen at the time), so the experience gets easier and easier. And another good reason? Your teacher will appreciate it. After all, teachers enjoy feedback and participation. By raising your hand in class, youre showing the teacher that you really care about your classroom performance. This can pay off at report card time! Difficulty Hard (scary sometimes) Time Required From 5 minutes to 5 weeks for comfort Heres How Do your reading assignments before you go to class. This is important for giving yourself a strong sense of self-confidence. You should go to class with an understanding of the topic at hand.Review the previous days notes right before class. On the margins of your notes, write down key words that will help you locate a certain topic quickly. Once again, the more prepared you feel, the more at ease youll feel when you speak in class.Now that youve done all the necessary reading, you should feel confident about the lecture material. Take excellent notes as your teacher lectures. Jot down key words in the margins of your notes if you have time.When the teacher asks a question, quickly locate the topic using your key words.Take a moment to breath and relax. Sort your thoughts by creating a mental outline in your head.With your writing hand, jot down a brief outline of your thoughts in response to the teachers question if you have time.Raise your other hand in the air.Dont feel pressured to blurt out your answer quickly. Look or think over your outline. Answer deliberately and slowly if necessary. Tips Dont ever be embarrassed by your answer! If its partly right, youve done a good job. If its completely off-base, the teacher will probably realize that he/she needs to re-word the question.Keep trying, even if you turn red and stammer at first. Youll find that it gets easier with experience.Dont get cocky! If you get lots of answers right and you get proud and cocky about it, others will think youre obnoxious. That wont do you any good. Dont alienate yourself by trying to impress the teacher. Your social life is important, too. What You Need One hand.A pencil and paper.Good class notes.The confidence that comes with doing the readings.A little courage.

Global and Substantive Revision Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global and Substantive Revision - Coursework Example The analysis directed in the paper initially gives a statistical snapshot of ration within the American population affected by obesity. Additionally, the theoretical aspects towards the food consumption trends are listed showcasing the change in food tendency since the year 1990. This occurrence is progressively documented towards a dedicated and oriented future population that exercises healthy eating habits. The key argument in the paper although lacks a broad and exemplified demonstration of how the proposed approaches for solving the unhealthy eating habits would improve and promote healthy eating trends. For example, the development of healthy foods via the use of technology ought to have been thoroughly emphasized on through the use of instances like food processing plants or industries. The sources and evidence material used in this paper are appropriately referred to within the text of the document. The sources effectively fulfill and facilitate the conveyance of information to the reader through aiding them to achieve a better understanding of the opinion highlighted in the paper. The introduction described requires a clear and well defined subjective statement with original text expounding on the main topic of the paper. The information in the paper is directed towards the general population with the main aim of offering positive advice to the emergent trends and the suitable or healthy foods to consume as an individual. The paper categorically addresses the trends in human food consumption form the past to the present backed up with duly accredited sources that aid in further illustration of the prevailing eating trends. The organization, arrangement and general formatting of the information require review in order to offer a more presentable, informative and good looking paper. Certain section so of  the paper requires reconsideration in order to provide feasible and neat content that a reader would find interesting.  

The role of Business Analysis within organsiations and how it has Research Paper

The role of Business Analysis within organsiations and how it has evolved over the past thirty years - Research Paper Example Concurrent with globalization is the fast phase development in computer and information technology. The developments in the field transformed not only information itself but also the manner of its collection, handling, processing and storing (Axelrod 2004). In this regard, both globalization and information technology have undeniably altered the nature of business and the manner of conducting businesses (Stead & Stead 2006). In light of these developments, the paper will be looking into the role and evolution of business analysis within the last thirty years and possibly come up with trends and projections within the field in the next five years. In this regard, this study aims to understand the notion of business analysis. Likewise, it aims to identify the role of business analysis in an organization. Finally, it tries to know what will be the possible trends and developments in the field of business analysis in the next five years. As such, the main questions of the research are ‘what is the role of business analysis?’ and ‘where is business analysis going?’ These questions are significant because it deals with one concrete instance in contemporary society where the needs of society and technology meet (Mumford 2006) and it seeks to find out how to enhance further the symbiotic relation between man and technology in the business world. To address the questions of the study, a documentary research had been conducted. The electronic databases Academic Source Premier, Business Source Premier, Jstor, and Google Scholar had been searched using the combination of the following key terms: business analysis, computer and information technology, globalization, nature of organization, and business. Articles written only in English and published in journals from the period of 2005 – 2010 had been selected. Likewise, books and empirical studies had been included in the searched. Excluded in the selection were monographs, position papers, editorials and

Legalizing Gambling Essay Example for Free

Legalizing Gambling Essay Gambling is legal in many places, its not either a criminal or dangerous activity provided it is done responsibly, and in accordance with the law. Have you ever wagered on a game? If so you were gambling and should have been fined. Lawmakers have decided that it is evil to gamble, they have justified it as a means to scam billions from citizens in order to compensate for their mismanagement of tax revenue. They pass laws that could put a taxpayer in jail for placing a single dollar wager on a pool game. Legalizing gambling nationally could potentially benefit our economic situation. All gambling was once legal. Looking back only 75-100 years ago most of our states had lotteries in place. Over the past century, as a result of abuse and moral fervor the majority forms of gambling have been prohibited. The history of gambling in the United States evolved from Europe. The Puritans and Quakers took little time to create first laws against gambling in 1638. Casino gambling is becoming increasingly popular especially in southern states. Native Americans are allowed to establish bingo parlors and casinos on their reservations, although Las Vegas and Atlantic City remain gambling tourist top destination choice. Many states allow horse and dog racing tracks and then there’s the people who bet on sporting events, card games, and almost anything you can imagine in the privacy of their own home. The first thing to do is to regulate gambling, both land-based and online. After the legislative base is created and regulation covers every aspect of the gambling industry, its half way to being legalized. I don’t see why we should lose a couple dollars to a pool hustler, when we could be hustled legally by the state. Gambling offers individuals the adrenaline rush that greater opportunity lies within their own hands. People should not be denied an activity that they enjoy partaking in. Government can earn revenues from legalized gambling which can be diverted towards bettering our society. Legalizing gambling would increase employment opportunities in society which could help to reduce the amount of working capable people out of a job. Gambling establishments have shown to increase employment opportunities as well as improve tourism in the right areas. The presence of gambling establishments is also beneficial to society because they can contribute the revenues to local governments which then could use the profits for social programs that would benefit both gamblers and non gamblers. Legalized commercial gambling is becoming an increasing controversy within our state governments. There is no doubt that many different forms of legalized gambling has exploded in the region and around the country, if the government gives full support of legalization they will be doing all US citizens a favor. Some argue that gambling is an addiction, one that can become dangerous and harmful to the general public. The truth is that like all other influenced jobs it can be a way of making a living for yourself and your family. Though there are a lot of people that struggle with an addiction to gambling, there are probably just as many people who are responsible gamblers and have enough self control to moderate there wagering hobbies. Legalizing gambling nationally will help stimulate our struggling economy in many ways. If our government would be willing to try to implement new laws to legalize and regulate it theres no way a short time period of testing these ideas would leave any permanent damage on our nation.

Overpopulation :: essays research papers

It’s a dark, cold, rainy night. The wind chill can be compared to that of Arctic wastelands, only the rain won’t freeze and disappear upon contact to your skin, instead the freezing cold ice-rain pierces your flesh like a million needles. The cold doesn’t subdue. A dark, small, shadowy object can be seen scurrying across the unlit streets. This dreary atmosphere does Hell’s Kitchen in the New York ghetto no justice. Just the sight of steam rising from sewer grills, the sound of gunshots in the distance, and the smell of rotten fish makes this an unsavory environment to be exposed to. The shadowy object seems to be on a mission. Looking back and forth as though being hunted by a beast of great stature, the shadowy object makes its way through alleyways, dank streets, and eerie overpasses. Shivering with each step it takes, the shadowy figure looks worn and used out from a night of wear and tear, and appears to be running out of gas. The spectacle of shadow finds a vacant, long deserted, decrepit wooden box, and immediately finds it as a place of seclusion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"So tired, how can I get home? I wish those gangstas never stole my bike† Thought Little Billy to himself, â€Å"Maybe Ill just sleep here for the night.† Just then, at that very moment in time, A dark looking man, wearing a black trench coat and boots, comes dashing down that back alley, running as fast as he could until he reached that wooden box, he suddenly came to a perfect stop about ten feet from Little Billy. Almost, as though paralyzed by fear, Little Billy just stares at the bizarre man with a petrified gaze. In return, the man simply stares back at the Belittled Billy, and hesitates before he speak, which seems like an eternity to one Little Billy. â€Å"Hiya!†, said the man, in a friendly tone of voice. Little Billy opened his mouth as though to speak, but only to get interrupted by a prudent mystery man. â€Å"Lemme introduce myself, I’m Jim Sinepson, and I’m a fellow street bum. What brings a nice little boy to these mean streets where homicide and illegal activity is prevalent?† Again, Little Billy began to open his mouth, hesitating and stuttering through sheer intimidation. â€Å"Well, I see that you’ve moved into this box here? Well, I’m not sure if this is the best box to spend your night in†¦ Yeah, my friend Bob was picked off here last week†

Legalization of Marijuana Essay

BODY PARAGRAPHS: I. Topic Sentence that supports the thesis: Making Marijuana legal will save the U.S. government and the average tax payer a lot of money.  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­ Example: Billions of dollars are spent every year to arrest and lock up Marijuana users. Example: Taxpayers have to bear the cost for the expenses: food, housing, health care, attorney fees, court costs, and other expenses for these people. Example: In addition, if marijuana were legal, the government would be able to collect taxes on it, and would have a lot more money to pay for effective drug education programs and other important causes. Closing or Transitional Sentence: We would have more money to spend on more important problems if marijuana were legal. II. Topic Sentence that supports the thesis: Legalization of this drug would reduce drug-related crimes. Example: All illegal drugs are expensive because their production, transportation and sale are very risky. Example: People with drug addictions must often resort to theft and other crimes in order to generate the funds necessary to purchase these types of drugs. Example: Legalization would reduce the risks, the prices, and, therefore, the crimes. Example: In addition, crimes related to drug disputes would also be reduced once Marijuana becomes a legal drug. Closing or Transitional Sentence: Not only could the legalization of Marijuana save the lives of drug dealers and their clientele, but it could also save many terminally ill patients from suffering. III. Topic Sentence that supports the thesis: Marijuana can be used as a treatment for certain medical conditions. Example: Marijuana could be  used to treat terminally ill AIDS patients by stimulating their appetite so they can resist emaciation (drastic weight loss). Example: Smoking this drug will alleviate the severe nausea that is a common side effect of chemotherapy. Example: In addition, Marijuana has been known to ease the pain of severe migraine headaches. Closing or Transitional Sentence: Since it is evident that Marijuana could be a valuable drug in the fight against many terminal diseases, it should be legalized. CONCLUSION: Repeat the idea of your thesis: By lifting the ban on marijuana use and treating it like other drugs such as tobacco and alcohol, the nation would gain immediate and long-term benefits. Summarize/Reinforce the outline of the body: Marijuana, a common and easily produced wild plant, could be beneficial to many if legalized. Return to a general level of the subject: Prohibition does not work. Education and treatment are better to address the drug problem in this country.

Defining Inclusion and Supporting Laws Essay

This term refers to bringing the support services to children with disabilities within their normal classroom setting. The article â€Å"Special Education Inclusion† mentions that inclusion commits to putting the child with disabilities in the regular classroom environment, so that they can benefit from being around their peers (Stout 2001). Inclusion is stated by Robert Fieldman as integration of all students, even those with the most severe disabilities, into regular classrooms and all other aspects of school and community life (2004). The success of these practices rides heavily upon the teachers and school being flexible with their instruction methods and only pulling the child out of class when necessary services cannot be given in the regular classroom. Here the students can be challenged, feel accepted and learn from the higher expectations placed on them. To answer the question of why it is healthy for the growth of an average child, there are multiple reasons learning interactions are beneficial. Stout then listed the findings in the study Success For All that were positive changes for the regular education students: Less fear and more awareness of human differences, growth in social cognition, improvement in belief in oneself, ability to support peers with disabilities, and caring friendships (2001). Emile Durkheim argues that â€Å"attachment and belonging are essential to human development and integrating children with disabilities into regular classrooms is desirable (Noll 2004)†. State laws that teachers need to know about is the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and the Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975. IDEA requires that assessments be made for young children experiencing developmental delays. This also included the expansion of Individualized Education Plan (IEP) meetings for more experts to be involved, hence the intervention made must be backed by research. This Act states says in summary that all children with disabilities in both private and public schools be put in separate facilities only if the severity of their disability will keep them from receiving a suitable education in the regular classroom. The Public Law  94-142 is explained by Lewis and Doorlag as the start to guaranteeing appropriate services to the maximum extent. For instance, each student with disabilities must have an IEP with the parent’s consent and will receive the least restrictive environment possible (Lewis and D oorlag, 2005). The children are often not going to be able to explain exactly what they are struggling with, so I will be informing these teachers about what to watch for. At this point they will be getting a handout from Interagency Network for Education in Emergencies that covers visual, auditory, and intellectual disability symptoms and strategies. This attached handout explains warning signs, such as sensitivity to light and squinting when there are visual difficulties, therefore seat them away from the glare or window and read aloud what is written (even largely) on the board. If the student has not come near the level of development of their age mates, then seek possible assessment for intellectual difficulty. The classroom could be adapted by getting a volunteer to help with giving extra time and instructions. If a child is struggling with hearing, he may have trouble following directions or be uninvolved; hence, seat the student where they can be near teacher and peers to see how they are responding and use visual aids in lessons (INEE 2005). In Rick Lavoie’s article, Early Warning Signs of Disabilities, he gave the  following list of areas that are commonly affected: l) Spoken language: delays, disorders, and deviations in listening and speaking 2) Written language: difficulties with reading, writing and spelling 3) Arithmetic: difficulty in performing arithmetic operations or in basic concepts 4) Reasoning: slower processing and organizing thoughts 5) Memory: challenges in remembering information and instructions Strategies Going into this situation is inevitable, yet how teachers deal with it can make everyone succeed†¦. As I address the preschool teachers about inclusion, I intend for them to leave being motivated and prepared for inclusive situations. Hence, I am going to give them strategies and preparation, in handouts, for dealing with children who have disabilities; many of these suggestions could be brought up in a child’s IEP meeting. Peer tutoring can happen easily and be incredibly effective way to promote social acceptance of special education students. General education students will gain experience by working with them, while the special needs student gets a fresh status, increased acceptance, occasion for socializing, all while practicing academics (Lewis and Doorlag, 2005). Sitting up front, next to a role model student can be very helpful as they can undertake assignments with a little nudge of help. Along the same lines, if the IEP allows it, volunteer tutors and professional aids are also beneficial to the need for one-on-one assistance in class. Presentation of lessons has to be done to suit various learning styles. Illustrate things for visual, kinesthetic, and auditory learners by using things like overheads, Power point, group skits, video clips, demonstrations, artwork, poems and anything else where you can creatively engage the students. Along these same lines, it would be best to find out the learning styles of all of the students. Hence, when you place them in groups or seek to help the students with disabilities, it will be in a style that reaches their individual needs. Learning disabilities are a widespread part of inclusion, because three to five percent of all children might have ADHD alone (Slavin 2003). Slavin’s section about Teaching Students with Learning Disabilities outlines particular ways to be effective. Prevention is encouraged by the â€Å"High-quality early childhood programs and primary grades teaching  significantly reduce the number of children identified with learning disabilities† (Slavin 2003, p. 420). He goes on to explain that positive feedback regarding improvement in learning helps them do better. It helps to split up large assignments into intermediate goals, so that they can receive feedback as they go along and accomplish it correctly. Board games can be used to promote social growth of the learning disabled student with their peers; these fun activities can be effective builders of academic skills. (Lavoie, n.d.). Misbehaviors often root from frustrations, hence learning-disabled students often â€Å"respond well to a rapid pace of instruction with much variety and many opportunities to participate† (Slavin, 2003, pg. 421). As mentioned above, many disabilities result in behavior issues that need to be addressed in positive reinforcement. Begin by defining suitable behavior, give genuine approval, and be consistent with reinforcements. Physical and sensory impairments need strategies that regular teachers can use in mainstreaming classrooms. For visual impairments, help the student form a set-up of the classroom by exploration, enlarge text, and bring them a larger desk for the Braille writer (Lewis and Doorlag 2006). While for hearing impairments, the child should be where they can see the teacher and the students, away from background noise, and the teacher should be checking for understanding of the material. References 1. Disability Rights Commission (2005) DRC Design and Technology by Reading Room. http://www.drc-gb.org/citizenship/talkvideos/index.asp. 2. Feldman, Robert S. (2004). Childhood Development (3rd Edition). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. 3. Hagberg, Laurie. (1998). http://adhd.kids.tripod.com/adhd.html. â€Å"Outside the Box: Lessons I’ve Learned†. 4. Interagency Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE). (2002 – 2005). â€Å"Inclusive Education of Children at Risk†. http://www.ineesite.org/inclusion/disabled.asp. 5. Lavoie, Rick.† The Teacher’s Role in Developing Social Skills†. http://www.ricklavoie.com/articles.html. 6. Lewis and Doorlag. (2006). Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms. Pearson Education, Inc. New Jersey. 7. Noll, James (2004). Taking Sides (12th Edition). Guilford, Conn. McGraw-Hill/Dushkin. 8. Special Education. (2004). http://www.pacificnet.net/~mandel/SpecialEducation.html

How Successful Have Revolutions proved as Ways of Changing t essays

How Successful Have Revolutions proved as Ways of Changing t essays Revolutions as a catalyst for change are always going to be world changing events. By their nature a revolution pertains to either the overthrow of an existing political system or a dramatic change in ideas or practice. Yet one must consider the wider world in context. Whilst in all cases the revolution will change the immediate area, which may be considered by the local populace their world, in a wider context the actual impact of the revolutions may not have such an impact, or as in most cases that will be set out in this essay the revolutions will be set as a part of a larger set of circumstances. Revolutions are never isolated incidents, but a reaction to events viewed by a section of the populace, which they view to be unjust or wrong. The degree of success in changing the world is exceedingly difficult to ratify. In some systems such as Marxist Communism, the fruits of revolution may yet bloom from the failures of the democracy we are now living in. Thus the impact of the 1917 Russian Revolution may still be considered to be carrying on to this day within China, Cuba and North Korea, and these nations, especially in the Far East may yet change the world in the name of the Communist ideals they follow. Even now the impact of the French revolution can be seen within the democratic ideas the country shows, and through her actions within the European Union, upholding the constitutional ideals held by the original revolutionaries from back in 1789. To answer such a multi faceted question as has been set here, one must first consider the different types of revolution that can take place. Firstly a proletarian revolution spawns from below where the general populace, largely peasants, rises against the ruling class. Whilst Marxist thinking would deem this a true revolution, in reality the lack of organisation especially in a world before modern communications technology preve...

CTA Swapper Test Post

CTA Swapper Test Post SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips ACT eBook ACT Signup SAT Signup Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Allen Cheng About the Author As co-founder and head of product design at PrepScholar, Allen has guided thousands of students to success in SAT/ACT prep and college admissions. He's committed to providing the highest quality resources to help you succeed. Allen graduated from Harvard University summa cum laude and earned two perfect scores on the SAT (1600 in 2004, and 2400 in 2014) and a perfect score on the ACT. You can also find Allen on his personal website, Shortform, or the Shortform blog. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. No spam ever. hbspt.forms.create({ portalId: '360031', formId: '2167ba30-e68e-4777-b88d-8bf3c84579af', formInstanceId: '2', submitButtonClass: 'btn-red-light btn', target: '#hubspot-container2', redirectUrl: 'http://ww2.prepscholar.com/blog-subscribe-thank-you', css: '.post-bottom .hs-form.stacked label {display:none;} .post-bottom .hs-form.stacked .field div.input {padding-top: 55px; padding-left: 300px;} .post-bottom .hs-input {width: 220px} .post-bottom .btn-primary, .hs-button.primary {margin-top:0px; padding-left:350px} .post-bottom .hs-form-field {margin-bottom:5px}' }); $(function(){ $(".exclusive-tip-form #hubspot-container2 label").hide(); }); function replace_tag(a, b){ $(a).each(function(index) { var thisTD = this; var newElement = $(""); $.each(this.attributes, function(index) { $(newElement).attr(thisTD.attributes[index].name, thisTD.attributes[index].value); }); $(this).after(newElement).remove(); }); } $(function(){ replace_tag($(".posts-by-topic h3"), "h2"); }) Ask a Question BelowHave any questions about this article or other topics? Ask below and we'll reply! Search the Blog Search jQuery(function(){ var $ = jQuery; var url = 'http://google.com/search?q=site:' + location.protocol + '//' + location.hostname + ' '; var $searchModule = $('.hs-search-module.20df8524-ad69-4fb9-b0a8-2b8d82a4f5c8'); var $input = $searchModule.find('input'); var $button = $searchModule.find('.hs-button.primary'); if (false) { $input.val(decodeURIComponent(location.pathname.split('/').join(' ').split('.').join(' ').split('-').join(' ').split('_').join(''))); } $button.click(function(){ var newUrl = url + $input.val(); var win = window.open(newUrl, '_blank'); if (win) { //Browser has allowed it to be opened win.focus(); } else { //Browser has blocked it location.href = newUrl; } }); $input.keypress(function(e){ if (e.keyCode !== 13) return; e.preventDefault(); $button.click(); }); }); Improve With Our Famous Guides SATPrep ACTPrep For All Students The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 160+ SAT Points How to Get a Perfect 1600, by a Perfect Scorer Series: How to Get 800 on Each SAT Section: Score 800 on SAT Math Score 800 on SAT Reading Score 800 on SAT Writing Series: How to Get to 600 on Each SAT Section: Score 600 on SAT Math Score 600 on SAT Reading Score 600 on SAT Writing Free Complete Official SAT Practice Tests What SAT Target Score Should You Be Aiming For? 15 Strategies to Improve Your SAT Essay The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 4+ ACT Points How to Get a Perfect 36 ACT, by a Perfect Scorer Series: How to Get 36 on Each ACT Section: 36 on ACT English 36 on ACT Math 36 on ACT Reading 36 on ACT Science Series: How to Get to 24 on Each ACT Section: 24 on ACT English 24 on ACT Math 24 on ACT Reading 24 on ACT Science What ACT target score should you be aiming for? ACT Vocabulary You Must Know ACT Writing: 15 Tips to Raise Your Essay Score How to Get Into Harvard and the Ivy League How to Get a Perfect 4.0 GPA How to Write an Amazing College Essay What Exactly Are Colleges Looking For? Is the ACT easier than the SAT? A Comprehensive Guide Should you retake your SAT or ACT? When should you take the SAT or ACT? Michael improved by 370 POINTS! Find Out How Stay Informed Get the latest articles and test prep tips! Looking for Graduate School Test Prep? Check out our top-rated graduate blogs here: GRE Online Prep Blog GMAT Online Prep Blog TOEFL Online Prep Blog

The Brand Strategy of Gucci Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9750 words

The Brand Strategy of Gucci - Dissertation Example The Gucci spirit, which is essentially a passion for a vibrant lifestyle, is kept alive by succeeding generations of creative designers, the more remarkable of whom was the American Tom Ford, noted for his strategic use of sex in design and advertising and currently, the Italian Frida Giannini, who understands best the wants and needs of a Gucci woman. This study includes an analysis of sex as communication and marketing strategy. Gucci, during the time of Tom Ford, communicated in an aesthetically effective manner that Gucci was selling a lifestyle, particularly sexual freedom among women. This is different from promiscuity. Gucci endorsed living a sexually fulfilling life, being in control of feminine sexuality and sexual relationships from a feminist point of view— as conceptualised and executed by Ford’s ad designs. This study also looks into the consumer behavior and the psychology of luxury. The buyers of luxury items are the youth in America and Japan— mostly single career woman staying with their parents; and the older people in Europe. The concluding part evaluates the study’s strength and weakness, as well as mentions details of a proposed topic for future research. Gucci is a brand name synonymous with finely crafted leather bags and shoes; Italian brand of quality, exclusivity, prestige, and luxury. This study seeks to explore how Gucci succeeded as a brand and evolved to iconic status. This study includes a comprehensive literature review of branding as a marketing strategy, and then a discussion of what is branding, and the social equity of Gucci branding. The focus of the research is the branding strategy of Gucci. In order to understand such strategy, the history of the Gucci business empire is traced back to Italy in 1921, when Guccio Gucci first designed a luggage line for high-end hotel guests.

Workforce Diversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Workforce Diversity - Research Paper Example For many organizations, workforce diversity becomes serious issue which gives birth to bigger problems afterwards. Just like all other organizations, a hefty amount of diversity possesses at LOCOG as well. For an event like Olympics 2012, if the concern of diversity is not taken seriously then it might lead to multiple problems like conflict of interest, loss of time, efficiency and money, loss of productivity, legal actions and complaints, issues related to health etc. Acknowledging the importance of workforce diversity, many researchers have conducted researches in order to investigate the consequences, issues, importance and benefits of workforce diversity. In subsequent paragraphs, importance of workforce diversity has been mentioned in the light of relevant studies. Importance of Workforce Diversity Importance of diversity in workforce can be determined by acknowledging its severe consequences. If the proper management of workforce diversity is ignored, then there are chances fo r organization to encounter bigger mishaps. In this regard, Mannix and Neale (2005) conducted a study and explained the two aspects of workforce diversity that affect the organizational performance. These two aspects include: i. Functional Level Diversity ii. Surface Level Diversity It is necessary to recognize the widespread bases which cause diversity. These bases are categorized under two broader terminologies. Differences which arise on the basis of educational background, qualification, personality traits and experience are termed as Functional Level Diversity whereas differences appearing on the basis of ethnicity, gender, age and disability are categorized as Surface Level Diversity. Mannix and Neale (2005) investigated that surface level diversity leaves negative impacts on the performance of workers whereas functional level diversity yields positive results on the performance of workers. McCuiston, Wooldrige & Pierce (2004) also conducted research on the same subject. Howev er, they highlighted the importance of leadership in managing a diversified workforce. Being present at the top management of the organization and having the sole authority of making decisions, according to McCuiston, Wooldrige & Pierce (2004), it is the responsibility of organization’s leaders to manage the diversity of workforce in an effective manner. The primary reason behind such intense diversity in workforce is globalization. After the financial crisis of 2007, people are migrating for getting better jobs which is increasing the intensity of workforce diversity more than ever before. In this regard, it is the responsibility of organization’s top management to deal effectively with workforce diversity because if the reputation of an organization regarding dealing with diversity gets ruptured in the eyes of labor market, then potential talented candidates will feel reluctant in applying for that certain organization (Bartz, Hillman, Lehrer, and Mayhugh, 1990). Man aging Workforce Diversity at LOCOG 2012 For most of the organizations, it becomes difficult to deal with the issues related to workforce diversity. Many organizations take assistance from mentors, experts and practitioners in order to develop an applicable and efficient structure of strategies. Shen, Chanda, D’Netto & Monga (2009) have defined a clear structure of developing strategies for workforce diversity. They stated that for dealing with diversity, organization needs to formulate strategies at all three organizational levels. They include strategic level, tactical level and operational level. At strategic level, strategies must be crafted for long term purpose i.e. establishing strategies so that they will be applicable for more than 10 years. Such

Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Assignment

Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning - Assignment Example Effective segments are identifiable, measurable, accessible, sizable and actionable. The next step entails selecting customers whose needs can be served by the marketer in the best possible manner. The segment so chosen is the target market. The worth of each segment in terms of sales potential and profit potential is gauged while selecting the target market. It is a good idea to select a segment that is underserved by the existing brands. In the ultimate analysis, the target market should make the best fit with the company’s capabilities and market offerings. A product cannot be ‘everything to everyone’. The marketer, therefore, creates a distinct position of his brand in the minds of the consumer in relation to other competing brands through the process of positioning. The task of positioning begins with deciding the locus in customer’s mind, analyzing competitor’s positioning, identifying gaps and ends with creating a position in the minds of the consumers. Positioning may be done on the plank of quality, service or price. Marketers may also position their products on consumer’s expectations and desires. The entire process of segmentation, targeting and positioning is a long drawn one. The marketers however conscientiously adopt STP as the concept goes hand-in-hand with the marketing mix. All major decisions including the basis of product differentiation are taken keeping in mind the STP. Advertising is a paid form of mass communication done by an identified sponsor. On the other hand, publicity is free and comes from a neutral and impartial source. The marketer has full control over advertising whereas publicity is essentially noncontrollable.

Impact Of Foreign Direct Investment

Impact Of Foreign Direct Investment The word investment can be defined in many ways according to different theories and principles. It is a term that can be used in a number of contexts. However, the different meanings of investment are more alike than dissimilar. Generally, investment is the application of money for earning more money. Investment also means savings or savings made through delayed consumption. According to economics, investment is the utilization of resources in order to increase income or production output in the future. An amount deposited into a bank or machinery that is purchased in anticipation of earning income in the long run is both examples investments. According to economists, investment refers to any physical or tangible asset, for example, a building or machinery and equipment. On the other hand, finance professionals define an investment as money utilized for buying financial assets, for example stocks, bonds, gold, real properties, and precious items. In general term, Investment means the purchase of goods which are invest and not used today, which will give benefit in future. The money you earn is partly spent and rest saved for future expenses. Instead of keeping savings ideal this money is invested to earn additional income this is called investment. When an asset is bought or a given amount of money is invested in the bank, there is anticipation that some return will be received from the investment in the future. (Meaning Of Investment, 2009 ). Investment by domestic residents (individuals, companies, financial institutions and governments) in the acquisition of overseas financial securities and physical assets. Overseas investment in financial assets, in particular by institutional investors, is undertaken primarily to diversify risk and to obtain higher returns than would be achievable on comparable domestic investment. Physical foreign direct investment(FDI) in new manufacturing plants and sales subsidiaries, or the acquisition of established businesses, prov ide the multinational company with a more flexible approach to supplying foreign markets. Interest, profits and dividends gained on these foreign investments count as invisible earnings in the balance of payments, though some of this income may be reinvested overseas rather than repatriated. (Christopher Pass, 1995). The income tax treatment of foreign investment income is frequently governed by Tax Treaties between the country of the investment owner and the state where the investment is situated. (Friedman, 2007 ).Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) An investment abroad, usually where the company is being invested in is controlled by the foreign corporation. A company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country. The direct investment in buildings, machinery and equipment is in contrast with making a portfolio investment, which is considered an indirect investment. (Spaulding, 2004).Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a major driver of globalization. As investment patterns of multinational enterprises become more and more complex, reliable and internationally comparable, FDI statistics are necessary for sound policy decision making. The OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment sets the world standard for FDI statistics. It provides a single point of reference for statisticians and users on all aspect of FDI statistics, while remaining compatible with other internationally accepted statistical standards. (OECD, 2008) . In the past decade, FDI has come to play a major role in the internationalization of business. Reacting to changes in technology, growing liberalization of the national regulatory framework governing investment in enterprises, and changes in capital markets profound changes have occurred in the size, scope and methods of FDI. New information technology systems, decline in global communication costs have made management of foreign investments far easier than in the past. (Spaulding, Foreign Direct Investment, 2005).In recent years, given rapid growth and change in global investment patterns, the definition has been broadened to include the acquisition of a lasting management interest in a company or enterprise outside the investing firms home country. As such, it may take many forms, such as a direct acquisition of a foreign firm, construction of a facility, or investment in a joint venture or strategic alliance with a local firm with attendant input of technology, licensing of intellectual property. (Graham, 2005). According to the benchmark definition of the OECD and World Investment Report 2009, a direct investment enterprise is an incorporated or unincorporated enterprise in which a single foreign investor either owns 10 percent or more of the ordinary shares or voting power of an enterprise (unless it can be proved that the 10 percent ownership does not allow the investor an effective voice in the management) or owns less than 10 percent the ordinary shares or voting power of an enterprise, yet still maintains an effective voice in management. An effectiv e voice in management only implies that direct investors are able to influence the management of an enterprise and does not imply that they have absolute control. The most important characteristics of FDI, which distinguishes it from portfolio investment, is that it is undertaken with the intention of exercising control over an enterprise. (GlobStat, 2009).Probably the most important role of FDI in a developing economy is the supply of capital, as capital deficiency is the fundamental problem in case of a developing economy. Capital formation depends on investment, which, however, implies sacrifice of consumption. (Zaidi, 2009). Developing countries  [1]  , emerging economies and countries in transition have come increasingly to see FDI as a source of economic development and modernization, income growth and employment. Countries have liberalized their FDI regimes and pursued other policies to attract investment. They have addressed the issue of how best to pursue domestic polic ies to maximize the benefits of foreign presence in the domestic economy. The study Foreign Direct Investment for Development attempts primarily to shed light on the second issue, by focusing on the overall effect of FDI on macroeconomic growth and other welfare-enhancing processes, and on the channels through which these benefits take effect. (Andru Pascal, 2002). The most profound effect has been seen in developing countries, where yearly foreign direct investment flows have increased from an average of less than $10 billion in the 1970s to a yearly average of less than $20 billion in the 1980s, to explode in the 1990s from $26.7billion in 1990 to $179 billion in 1998 and $208 billion in 1999 and now comprise a large portion of global FDI.. Driven by mergers and acquisitions and internationalization of production in a range of industries, FDI into developed countries last year rose to $636 billion, from $481 billion in 1998 but in south Asian developing countries in which India $1 23 billion of FDI inward and Pakistan $31 billion of FDI inward in 2008. (UNCTAD, 2009) History: Early Investment There have been international organizations engaged in trading activities as far back in time as 2500BC, with banks and churches also having formed international organizations throughout history (Allen, 1984). The appearance of the modern MNE, incorporating control over foreign production units, did not occur until the Nineteenth Century (Wilkins, 1977), but early resemblances to the modern MNE appeared in the 1600s and 1700s, when large trading companies from the UK and the Netherlands entered parts of Asia, the Indies and America  [2]  . The two largest enterprises were the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company (Nicholas, 1988). These dominated the well-paid markets of spices, cottons and silks, and are credited as being the true pioneers of international commercial activities. Investment also later took place in the UK and French colonial territories of Latin America, Asia, Africa and Australia, with most investments being supply oriented, in the form of resource exploitation (Medard Gabel, 2003)  [3]  . International companies also emerged with the aim of colonizing foreign lands. One of the first was the London-based, British Virginia Company, Whose strategy was to profit from the development and colonization of Virginia in the US. Similar projects across North America were undertaken by the Dutch, the French and the Swedes. (Wren, 2006). It is generally accepted that the true birth of the modern multinational arose in Europe in the Nineteenth Century (Wilkins, History of FDI , 2004)  [4]  . Examples are the Cocker ill steelworks of England that set up in Prussia; Bayers of Germany that set up chemical plants in the US; and Nobels of Sweden that set up dynamite production in Germany (Tugendhat, 1981). However, it was not until the latter part of the Nineteenth Century that larger-scale foreign direct investment started to emerge. A major motivation for the spread of these firms was the increase in the protectionist behavior of countries, which in turn was a by-product of increased nationalism. As customers mostly-preferred goods produced locally, as opposed to imported goods, firms had to set-up abroad (John Micklethwait, 2003 ). Other important reasons for the upsurge in FDI and the growth of MNEs was the search for larger markets, as enterprises began to grow in size, and improvements occurred in transportation and communication, most notably the railways and telegraphs (Wilkins, FDI , 1998). These advances not only made it easier for parent companies to control their subsidiaries but to control them over longer distances. Up until the end of the Nineteenth Century, European firms dominated the MNE scene, but US multinationals were beginning to increase, both in number and size. Examples of US multinationals at this time include singers, which set up sewing-machine plants in Scotland, and the electrical-manufacturers Thomson-Houston, which set up in England (Attack, 1994). The increase in FDI at the turn of the Twentieth Century was halted in the inter-war period both by the destruction caused by the First World War and the threat of another war leading to discrimination against foreigners by the occupants of many countries. The First World War also resulted in European multinationals being forced to sell their pre-war investments, with political upheaval and border changes also impacting on cross-border activities (Dunning, 1983). Other factors leading to a worldwide fall in investment included the Great Depression of late 1920s and early 1930s and the substantial rise in inflation in Europe (Jones, 1995 ). By the time of the Second World War, the main stock of FDI was still held by the UK 40 per cent, while the US held 28 per cent (Jones Eric Lionel, 2000). However, after the Second World War a new wave of FDI began to emerge, arising mainly from the US. The factors behind this improvement in technology and Communication systems, greater economic and political stability, the formation of trading blocks and a more liberalized attitude from host governments (Hood, 1999). In the years after the Second World War global FDI was dominated by the United States, as much of the world recovered from the destruction brought by the conflict. The US accounted for around three-quarters of new FDI (including reinvested profits) between 1945 and 1960. Since that time FDI has sprea d to become a truly global phenomenon, no longer the exclusive preserve of Organization for Economic Corporation and Development (OECD) countries. FDI has grown in importance in the global economy with FDI stocks now constituting over 20 percent of global GDP. Pakistan History Soon after independence in 1947, Pakistan moved from a parliamentary system to a presidential one and then finally reverted to the original parliamentary system. Pakistan has a checkered history of trade liberalization and FDI promotion. Following some trade liberalization attempts in the 1960s, Pakistan qualified for Article VIII status at the IMF in 1970. Even by the mid-1980s there was still a long way to go in lifting quantitative restrictions QRs and reducing tariffs. From the mid-1980s, controls on foreign investment in manufacturing have diminished sharply, those for the service sector less so (Athukoralge, 2007) In spite of various bureaucratic controls, the government attitude throughout the 1950s and 1960s was favorable to private investment, the FDI regime was more liberal, although there was greater emphasis on joint ventures with minority foreign ownership and technology licensing than on FDI in fully foreign owned ventures. However, supremacy of the state and socialist ideology under a socialist government dominated policy in the 1970s. As a result, a large-scale program of nationalization of key industrial units and wide-spread control of domestic and foreign trade were instituted. The dismal economic outcome of the interventionist policies eventually paved the way for market-oriented reform. Reforms started slowly in the early 1980s as part of a widespread reform package in conformity with the World Bank conditionality. Removal of restrictions on foreign investment was a major element of the reform program. Full foreign ownership of firms, with full freedom for remittance of profit a nd investment proceeds, is now allowed in almost all sectors of the economy (Athukoralge, FDI History of Pakistan, 2007). Independence in 1971, the Bangladesh government adopted a state-led import-substitution development strategy, which was far more interventionist than that of the united Pakistan. The new government nationalized a larger number of industrial enterprises owned by Pakistani entrepreneurs as well as all industrial enterprises with fixed assets exceeding a certain threshold level. The scope of the private sector was limited to small and cottage industry, and foreign investment was allowed only in collaboration with the public sector with minority equity participation. However, existing foreign investments (excluding those belonging to Pakistan) were spared from the sweeping nationalization drive. The socialist-oriented industrial policy of 1973 assigned a very minor role for the private sector, with some investment ceiling on new investment (Athukoralge, History of Pakistan , 2007). Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been a small but growing part of total investment in Pakistan. Data indicates that FDI in Pakistan has grown from $8 million US dollars in 1976 to $346 million dollars in 1993. During the same period, total gross fixed capital formation grew from $2.4 to $9.2 Billion dollars (international Monetary Fund). Nevertheless, excluding the non-capital part, FDI is even a smaller part of total capital formation in Pakistan than these figures reflect (Kaynak, 1999). General Musharraf vowed to make all out efforts to improve the deteriorating economic conditions in order to eradicate poverty and hunger in the country. The bank defined essential problem areas where urgent action is needed as: (1) Build investor confidence; (2) Structural change in fiscal policy; (3) Reduction in budget deficit to more sustainable level; (4) Address the national debt servicing issue; (5) Improve exports; (6) Population control; and (7) Improve human capital. Meanwhile, there is a very low flow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into the country. The FDI peaked in 1996 to $992 Million and declined to $370 Million in 1999. Another report says that FDI amounted to around $600 Million in 1999; the figure is based on the difference between the amount of FDI stocks in 1998($9.2Billion) and 1999 ($9.8 Billion). However, this constituted 0.21 percent of FDI global flows ($4.7 Trillion). FDI stocks in Pakistan in 1999 represented 4.4 percent of its GDP (Mahmood, FDI History of Pakistan , 2001). Increased Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) increased to $3.5 Billion in the last financial year, according to GOP sources. The United Nations World Investment Report 2006 stated that Pakistan saw a 95% growth in FDI inflows in 2005 to reach $2.183 Billion (Mahmood, 2007). Impact of Foreign Direct Investment Attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) has become a key part of national development strategies for many countries. They see such investments as bolstering domestic capital, productivity, and employment, all of which are crucial to jump-starting economic growth. While many highlight FDIs positive effects, others blame FDI for crowding out domestic investment and lowering certain regulatory standards. The effects of FDI can sometimes barely be perceived, while other times they can be absolutely transformative. While FDIs impact depends on many conditions, well-developed and implemented policies can help maximize its gains. The resources in this list focus on the impact of FDI on: Economic growth: Foreign capital stocks combined with the widespread belief that FDI is beneficial for growth triggered a large body of literature on the determinants of FDI in the Central and Eastern European transition countries. The primary goal was to locate all relevant economic and political factors which could be beneficial for FDI inflows and, by extension, for economic growth(Neuhaus, 2005). Trade: The direct impact falls into two parts, namely an immediate effect emanating from the actual investment and the effects on the import pattern of the targeted enterprises. The former channel is generally limited to the imports of initial inputs of imported machinery and equipment (especially in Greenfield investment), or, where FDI is large compared with the size of the host economy, it may include the knock-on effect on aggregate imports from rising total domestic demand. The second channel, which essentially depends on the investors choice between imported and local inputs, has been studied extensively(OECD, Direct Impact of FDI on Imports, 2002). Employment and skill levels: In response to the AFL-CIOs (American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations) earlier claim that job losses result from the impact of runaway firms setting up labor- intensive operations in offshore locations, the US tariff commission analyzed then- new data on the foreign operations of US firms. It found that employment gains generated from associated exports of equipment and parts, etc. and expansion of supporting non-production jobs would be large enough to offset possible job losses arising from production displacement effects(Neil Hood, 1979). In response to the latest concerns of the US labor unions, 23 studies have investigated the impact of FDI on employment. All except one have concluded that it has a positive effect resulting in the net increase of jobs(Lee, 2002). Technology diffusion and knowledge transfer: Are of great importance for economic development, as the adoption of new techniques, machines, and production processes is a key determinant of productivity growth. Given that most research and development (RD) and innovation is undertaken in high income countries, most developing economies must rely largely on imported technologies as sources of new productive knowledge. This is not to say that no RD is undertaken in developing countries; a considerable amount of follow-on innovation and adaptation does occur there, contributing to the global stock of knowledge(Smarzynska Javorcik, 2006). Linkages and spillover to domestic firms: FDI spillovers: An increase in the productivity of domestic firms as a consequence of the presence of foreign firms in the domestic economy. FDI spillovers via horizontal linkages: An increase in the productivity of domestic firms resulting from the presence of foreign firms in the same industry. FDI spillovers via forward linkages: An increase in productivity resulting from the foreign presence among the supplies of the industry in which the domestic firm operates. FDI spillovers via backward linkages: An increase in productivity resulting from the foreign presence among the customers of the industry in which the domestic firm operates. These spillovers may take place among domestic firms but are more likely to occur with foreign affiliated firms given their linkages with large foreign parent companies. In the case of horizontal spillovers, there are not such incentives and firms would rather protect their intellectual assets rather than risk technology leakage to competitors (OECD, FDI spillover, 2008). Types of Foreign Direct Investment By Direction Inward FDI: Inward foreign direct investment is when foreign capital is invested in local resources. Inward FDI is encouraged by: Tax breaks, subsidies, low interest loans, grants, lifting of certain restrictions The thought is that the long term gain is worth short term loss of income Inward FDI is restricted by: Ownership restraints or limits Different performance requirements Outward FDI: Outward foreign direct investment, sometimes called direct investment abroad is when local capital is invested in foreign resources. Outward FDI is encouraged by Government-backed insurance to cover risk Outward FDI is restricted by Tax incentives or disincentives on firms that invest outside of the home country or on repatriated profits Subsidies for local businesses Leftist government policies that support the nationalization of industries (or at least a modicum of government control) Self-interested lobby groups and societal sectors who are supported by inward FDI or state investment, for example labor markets and agriculture. Security industries are often kept safe from outwards FDI to ensure the localized state control of the military industrial complex. By Target Greenfield Investment: Direct investment in new facilities or the expansion of existing facilities. Greenfield investments are the primary target of a host nations promotional efforts because they create new production capacity and jobs, transfer technology and know-how, and can lead to linkages to the global marketplace. The Organization for International Investment cites the benefits of Greenfield investment (or in sourcing) for regional and national economies to include increased employment (often at higher wages than domestic firms); investments in research and development; and additional capital investments. Criticism of the efficiencies obtained from Greenfield investments includes the loss of market share for competing domestic firms. Another criticism of Greenfield investment is that profits are perceived to bypass local economies, and instead flow back entirely to the multinationals home economy. Critics contrast this to local industries whose profits are seen to flow back e ntirely into the domestic economy (Easson, 2004). Mergers and Acquisitions: Transfers of existing assets from local firms to foreign firms takes place; the primary type of FDI. Cross-border mergers occur when the assets and operation of firms from different countries are combined to establish a new legal entity. Cross-border acquisitions occur when the control of assets and operations is transferred from a local to a foreign company, with the local company becoming an affiliate of the foreign company. Unlike Greenfield investment, acquisitions provide no long term benefits to the local economy even in most deals the owners of the local firm are paid in stock from the acquiring firm, meaning that the money from the sale could never reach the local economy. Nevertheless, mergers and acquisitions are a significant form acquiring firm, meaning that the money from the sale could never reach the local economy. Nevertheless, mergers and acquisitions are a significant form of FDI and until around 1997, accounted for nearly 90% of the FDI fl ow into the United States. Mergers are the most common way for multinationals to do FDI (Jonathan Jones, 2006). Horizontal FDI: It refers to FDI in the same industry in which the organization in the home nation. Vertical FDI: It refers to the FDI by an organization in order to sell the outputs of domestic firms to the investment which provides inputs to the domestic organization (Misra, 2009). Backward Vertical FDI: Where an industry abroad provides inputs for a firms domestic production process. Forward Vertical FDI: Where an industry abroad sells the outputs of a firms domestic production. By Motive: FDI can also be categorized based on the motive behind the investment from the perspective of the following firm: Resource-Seeking FDI Investments which seek to acquire factors of production those are more efficient than those obtainable in the home economy of the firm. In some cases, these resources may not be available in the home economy at all (e.g. cheap labor and natural resources). This typifies FDI into developing countries, for example seeking natural resources in the Middle East and Africa, or cheap labor in Southeast Asia and Eastern Europe (Cohen, 2007). 1.3.3.2 Market-Seeking FDI Investments which aim at either penetrating new markets or maintaining existing ones. FDI of this kind may also be employed as defensive strategy; it is argued that businesses are more likely to be pushed towards this type of investment out of fear of losing a market rather than discovering a new one .This type of FDI can be characterized by the foreign Mergers and Acquisitions in the 1980s by Accounting, Advertising and Law firms (Cohen, Market-Seeking FDI , 2007). 1.3.3.3 Efficient-Seeking FDI Investments which firms hope will increase their efficiency by exploiting the benefits of economies of scale and scope and also those of common ownership. It is suggested that this type of FDI comes after either resource or market seeking investments have been realized, with the expectation that it further increases the profitability of the firm. Typically, this type of FDI is mostly widely practiced between developed economies; especially those within closely integrated markets (Cohen, Efficiency-Seeking FDI, 2007). 1.3.3.4 Strategic-Asset-Seeking FDI A tactical investment to prevent the loss of resource to a competitor. Easily compared to that of the oil producers, whom may not need the oil at present, but look to prevent their competitors from having it (OECD, Strategic-Asset-Seeking FDI , 2002). 1.3.3.5 Political Oppositions to FDI In the late 1960s and early 1970s foreign direct investment became increasingly politicized. Organized labor, convinced that foreign investment exported jobs, undertook a major campaign to reform the tax provisions which affected foreign direct investment. The Foreign Trade and Investment Act of 1973 (or the Burke-Hartke Bill) would have eliminated both the tax credit and tax deferral. The Nixon Administration, influential members of Congress of both parties, and well-financed lobbying organizations came to the defense of the multinational. The massive counterattack of the multinational corporations and their allies defeated this first major challenge to their interests (Finance, 2006). 1.3.3.6 Private Foreign Investment Few areas in the economics of development arouse so much controversy and are subject to such varying interpretations as the issue of the benefits and costs of private foreign investment. If, however, we look closely at this controversy, we will find that the disagreement is not so much about the influence of MNCs on traditional economics aggregate such as GDP, investment, savings, and manufacturing growth rates (though these disagreements do indeed exist) as about the fundamental economic and social meaning of development as it relates to the diverse activities of MNCs. In other words, the controversy over the role and impact of foreign private investment often has as its basis a fundamental disagreement about the nature, style, and character of a desirable development process (Todaro, 1989). Components of FDI The components of FDI are equity capital, reinvested earnings and intra-company loans: Equity Capital Equity in unincorporated entities, non-cash acquisition against technology transfer, plant and machinery, goodwill, business development and similar considerations control premium and non-competition fee (Components of FDI, 2004).The foreign direct investors net purchase of the share and loans of an enterprise in a country other than its own. Reinvested Earnings The part of an affiliates earnings accruing to the foreign investors that is reinvested in that enterprise. Intra-company Loans (Other Capital) Short or long-term loans, trade credit, suppliers credit, financial-leasing, financial derivatives, debt securities from parent firms to affiliate enterprises or vice versa. In the case of banks, deposits, bills and short-term loans are not included. 1.5 Benefits of FDI: The economic benefits of FDI are real, but they do not accrue automatically. To develop the maximum benefits from foreign corporate presence a healthy enabling environment for business is paramount, which encourages domestic as well as foreign investment, provides incentives for innovation and improvements of skills and contributes to a competitive corporate climate. The net benefits from FDI do not accrue automatically, and their magnitude differs according to host country and context. The magnitude of the benefits from FDI depends on the efforts of host countries to put in place the appropriate frameworks but even less-well performing countries may benefit, inter alia by using FDI as a supplement to scarce financial resources. The factors that hold back the full benefits of FDI in some developing countries include the level of general education and health, the technological level of host country enterprises, insufficient openness to trade, weak competition and inadequate regulatory frameworks. Conversely, a level of technological, educational and infrastructure achievement in a developing country does, other things being equal, equip it better to benefit from a foreign presence in its markets (OECD, Benefits of FDI, 2002) The Perceived Benefits of FDI A Zero-Sum Game: As with international trade, it is argued that the free movement of investment capital increases the aggregate sum of global wealth. FDI is not a zero-sum game. If capital is allowed to flow where its owners consider it can be employed most efficiently, then the highest return on capital will be achieved. Restrictions upon FDI necessarily result in the inefficient utilization of capital. This does not, of course, mean that everyone necessarily benefits from FDI- simply that the total benefit should outweigh the total detriment. Nor, of course, does if assume that capital will always be used efficiently- though it is assumed that restrictions upon FDI flows will result in less efficient utilization than if those restrictions did not exist. If one accepts that FDI produces a net benefit in global terms, then everyone should be happy so long as that benefit is shared fairly among the host country, the home country, the firm that undertakes it, and those persons most clo sely affected by the activities of the firm- its shareholders, customers, suppliers and workers (Easson, Benefits of FDI, 2004). FDI from the perspective of home countries: FDI is gen