Research Statement on the Impact of the American Culture to Canadian Cultural

Historically, Canada has been subjected to various cultures such as that of the British and the French. From as early the 1500s, European explorers, traders, and fishermen from England, Ireland and France helped form the basis of Canadian culture. Now in the modern era, there is another addition in the list of cultural influences affecting the Canadian society. This cultural treat comes in the form of the contemporary American culture.American influence is clearly visible but not fully acknowledge by most Canadians. Several people think that this is an implied disposition but there is also a great number who believe that this is explicitly manifested in the Canadian culture. Proximity and the migration of people, ideas, and capital were deemed to be the cause of America’s immense influence on Canadians (Canada culture).This study aims to uncover the predicament of the Canadian culture in relation to being associated to the American Culture. Public perception of the United Stat es as a global powerhouse in politics, economics and culture has produced a very potent American culture wherein in this case, Canadians have unconsciously embraced it as demonstrated in their fondness for Hollywood, U. S. landscapes and American vernacular (Kellogg, 2004).Determining the starting point, extent and effect of the American influence on Canadian culture will provide an ample amount of information that would explore the ways in which American influences have challenged Canada's cultural values and asks whether Canada is able to maintain its own identity. The period covered would start from post-modern era to present. The time frame relatively represents the age of globalization when culture is intensified and amplified to meet the clamor for innovations.Generally, Post modernism is a movement of ideas arising from, but also critical of elements of modernism. This definition embodies the present state of the American culture. Understanding Culture It is important to unde rstand and identify aspects of culture that leads to its pervasion across geographical and political boundaries. It is equally important to understand the roots of cultural disparity and differences that often places two civilizations, though geographically contiguous, at subtle levels of conflict and confrontation.The cultural spectrum holds different shades for a person, a society and a nation, accordingly helping each of them to assimilate and adapt to a common identity that is defined and shaped by culture. In the process of evolving this collective identity, culture transcends its traditional role of providing an aggregate set of beliefs, customs, norms, values, ethics, traditions, moral, social and legal codes, perceptions, and philosophy, to become the overall physical framework for the society to function.Culture attains a real form, rendering a three dimensional living space for people to experience its living force (Mahant and Mount, 2002). Culture is strongly related with geographical setting of a place, religion, ethnicity, and race, explaining why different countries have different cultures, and also why places on seashore share common elements of culture that is quite different from culture of mountainous places.The imprinting of culture on ways a person thinks, acts, perceives the environment and models his/her reaction is very strong and virtually indelible, determining every aspect of human behavior and giving rise to cultural identity in addition to individual and national identity. Although the classic rational choice framework says that people are independent in choice of their behavior and approach towards events, its seen that at subtle levels the structural model provided by culture acts as final determinant in predicting a person, a society and a nation.Although culture is dynamic, evolving and continuously upgrading itself, in essence, these changes occur within the context of culture’s own timeframe (Mahant and Mount, 2002). On e of the most important contribution of culture to human civilization is the orientation provided towards other cultures, making the culture in question receptive, tolerant, indifferent or outright hostile towards different cultures. Societies are seldom mono-cultural, displaying a range of cultural traits, achieved through generations of trades, contact, and cross cultural mixing.However, although for people belonging to a particular culture, their culture would hardly seem complex, the cultural realities are hidden beneath the surface, difficult to observe and discern from outside. These improper understanding and imperfect perceptions of culture often give rise to conflict when different cultures are required to meet or come across. Cultural Dialogue and Imprinting between USA and Canada In recent times, the Canadian cultural policy has taken an inward looking approach in order to minimize influence of United State Culture while supporting Canadian cultural elements.The rhetoric of cultural protectionism is familiar-aimed towards protecting Canadian cultural, its sovereignty and identity; assuring shelf space for Canada in a world completely occupied by Americanism; assuring a zone of creative independence to Canadians where their tales would be theirs’ alone. This introvert attitude is also promoted with an aim to counter the market dominance of American products, their selling strategies, , their discriminatory policies against Canadian goods and their challenge to Canadian sense of independence, unity, and identity (Mahant and Mount, 2002).It is no wonder that this logic is also forwarded as an argument for protecting and promoting cultural diversity. Such rhetoric have come repeatedly off Canadian politicians, cultural leaders and taken up fervently a large section of Canadian media. (Acheson and Maule, 1999, 329-48). However, these maneuvers lack a historical perspective of US and Canada relation that dates back to the earliest days of colonial settlements. At the time when United States of America achieved its independence in 1783, it comprised of thirteen principle colonies, comprising most of people, and habitable parts of the region at the time.What was left of British North America contained a large territory with scant but primarily English speaking population as a direct result of the American Revolution when most of the loyalist fled there (Maule, 2003). This predominantly English culture implied that this region, which would be later, organized as Canada would bear a close relationship with its politically and economically advanced neighbor. The binding thread of English language and same English culture provided both Canada and USA a common cultural platform, especially in a huge and isolated landscape.The cultural interaction between two countries took place at same frequency and within the same context, and it filled Canadians with a sense of creation and recognition of a joint cultural space where events in Un ited States did not take place across the border, rather across the boundary wall (MacKinnon, 1973). The feeling of continuous cultural space permeated through most of 19th century, as people across border established close links and immigration between the two nations took place with a greater ease than intra-state travel in many countries.Naturally, owing to its superior size, population, vastly greater economy and industrial prowess, USA took the role of big-brother between two nations and for the initial days, Canadians were perfectly content in following USA as a role model for practically all aspects of their life (Maule, 2003). Hence it is no surprise that education, political system and social structure of Canada closely toed on US lines (MacKinnon, 1973). By the beginning of 20th century, US media, press and broadcast were largely dominating their Canadian counterparts.Reports citing surveys conducted in the period 1920-26 state that Canadian readership for US magazines, bo oks and newspapers had gone on all time high, leaving behind British and even their own publications by several degrees (Acheson and Maule, 1999, 329-48). Meanwhile, with emergence of motion picture and wireless broadcast, Americanism, its ethics and its values found a much quicker and shorter route to penetrate Canadian horizons. The cultural extension of USA in Canada was of sufficient strength to mould its business interests to the interest of United States commercial enterprises (Maule, 2003).However, Canadian identity received a major boost post the Second World War, where their armed legions had distinguished themselves. Cultural issues now took centerstage and several commissions instituted by Canadian government were unanimous in their recommendations for establishing councils that would oversee development of Canadian art, literature, music, and aesthetics, independent of the drug laden bohemian US pop culture. By 1957, Canadian government had established the council for ar t and music and opened Canadian public library.The government even took several relatively draconian measures, such as levying tax on popular American magazines in order to divert the readership as well advertisers to Canadian publications. The government also invested in establishing a network of universities and colleges with independent curriculum than their US counterparts (Peers, 1969). Protecting Canadian Culture Canadian culture has always been protective towards its earlier British root, and although there is a continuous influx of people from around the world in Canada, the essential Canadian values hung close to colonial memories for a considerable time(Dean and Dehejia, 2006).Naturally the completely un-conventional and un-orthodox American value system and cultural symbols had always posed a threat to traditional values and cultural system of Canada. Further, the inner progress towards nationhood since 1960 has permeated a feeling of nationalism in Canada, where, coming out of British cultural dominion, they attempted to assert themselves as a national group (Fulford. 1990). Under these circumstances an assault of US cultural values was seen as a threat to the nascent Cultural nationalism and Canadian cultural-value system.Despite instituting these measures, Canadian government could not claim complete immunity by ever growing American influence through its beaming pop culture, movie world and non-conservative attitude towards system of values and ethics. The presence of an active, forward, and rather intruding American culture let Canada to retain at least five different types of measures to protect its culture were still in place. The first of these measures known as ‘Cancon’ regulations have been extant since 1930s and by 1990s they formed a essential if somewhat erratic part of the principle measures in place to check American Culture.Under the provisions of Cancon regulations, its compulsory for Canadian private broadcasters to sh ow at least 60 percent Canadian content during evening â€Å"prime time,†. Although in practice, the duration is considerably lower than what is stipulated, yet it has ensured that at the least some Canadian content is broadcasted. but most show considerably less than these figures would suggest (Kellog, 2004). As a direct consequence of cancon regulation surveys conducted in May 2000 reveal that 35 percent of all music played on Canadian radio stations is Canadian with some quota also for primarily instrumental music.To ensure Canadian presence in television programs, the government has introduced a a point system that measures Canadian-ness of programs in terms of the proportion of Canadians involved (Mahant and Mount, 2002). Although these measures did not necessarily reflect the accurate picture, neither assured Canadian-ness of content, they have remained effective from a general point of view in keeping Canadian culture afloat (Kellog, 2004). The second category of meas ures have consisted trade protection to Canadian broadcasters and media.Although, with introduction of WTO rules and regulations, many of these regulations have disappeared, yet the remnants continue to provide a structural security to Canadian broadcasters (Dean and Dehejia, 2006). In the third set of measurements, Canadian government took steps to increase investment in Canadian media and broadcast industry. The government recognized that cultural performance in Canada is linked with ownership and control. These investment policies have allowed the prevention of American bookstore chains and media industries from comprehensive takeover of their Canadian counterparts.Though the government has allowed limited foreign investment in the cultural industries, the center of its focus has remained on promoting and nurturing Canada based cultural entities (Mahant and Mount, 2002. Under the fourth set of measurement, government decided to directly subsidize Canadian Cultural entities. The s ubsidies have become central to Canadian policies to protect, and encourage Canadian cultural values, entities, art and music, especially after NAFTA and WTO have led to elimination of a number of other protective measures (Mahant and Mount, 2002).For example, according to a 1997 ruling, WTO stipulated that the postal subsidies enjoyed by Canadian magazines would be regarded as an illegal subsidy. Therefore, government has provisioned systems of direct grants and subsidies as a result of which nearly all the forms of Canadian cultural entities, ranging from from book publishing to films to readings by writers and art exhibits enjoys measures of government subsidy and supported (Mahant and Mount, 2002). The serious intents of Canadian government can be estimated from the fact that in 1996-97 government spent more than $5.6 billion dollars in cultural subsidies and grants; Apart from these measures, the Canadian government has also established a number of ad hoc measures, rules and re gulations to protect its heritage and Culture. This ad hoc approach has been necessary especially since WTO and NAFTA have continued to pressurize and impeded government’s efforts to protect Canadian cultural industries and sectors (Mahant and Mount, 2002. Certainly these measures diluted, if not ended, US cultural dominance on Canadian social space.However, US media, riding upon its buoyant economy and its technological enterprise continued to dazzle the world, and it was little surprise that, its culturally closest neighbor, Canada could hardly escape their affect. As the era of globalization, Internet and social networking has dawned upon the world, it is inevitable that Canadian cultural distinctions would at some point of time reflect the values and ethics promoted by a US dominated world (Mahant and Mount, 2002). References Blackwell, J. D. and Blackwell-Stanley, L. C.. Canadian Studies: A Guide to the Sources.Retrieved February 12, 2008, from http://www. iccs-ciec. ca/ blackwell. html#culture Canada culture. Retrieved February 12, 2008, from http://www. university- world. com/canada/canada_culture. html Kellog, A. (2004). Despite American culture creep, Canadian values remain. Edmonton Journal. Retrieved February 12, 2008, from http://www. gaiecoute. com/default. aspx? scheme=2150. Large Canada Urban Areas Population and Density: 2001. Statistics Canada:2001 McGregor, G. The Beaver Bites Back: American Popular Culture in Canada David H.Flaherty and Frank E. Manning (eds. ). Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993. 356 pp. CJS Online. Retrieved February 12, 2008, from http://www. cjsonline. ca/articles/mcgregor. html O'Neil, D. Overview. (2006). Retrieved February 12, 2008, from http://anthro. palomar. edu/change/change_1. htm Mahant. E. E. , Mount, G. S. 2001. The U. S. Cultural Impact upon Canada; American Review of Canadian Studies, Vol. 31. Maule, C. 2003. State of the Canada-U. S. Relationship: Culture. American Review of Canadian Studies, Vol. 33, 2003.Neil MacKinnon, â€Å"The Changing Attitudes of the Nova Scotian Loyalists towards the United States, 1783-1791,† Acadiensis 2 (Spring 1973). Acheson, Keith and Christopher Maule, Much Ado about Culture: North American Trade Disputes. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999. Frank W. Peers, The Politics of Canadian Broadcasting, 1920-1951 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969) W James W Dean, and Vivek H Dehejia. 2006. Would a Borderless North America Kill Canadian Culture? , American Review of Canadian Studies, Vol. 36. Robert Fulford. 1990. Canada: A Great Northern Paradox? Americas (English Edition), Vol 42.

Benefits Of Distributed Leadership Education Essay

Leadership is non all down to the Head instructor, the caput of section or, in the schoolroom the instructor. If it is, cipher is larning anything at all about leading. The first regulation about leading is that it is shared. † ( Brighouse and Woods, 1999:45 ) Most frequently administrative leading is viewed as different from any sorts of leading in school. The functions might be different since most managerial functions are completed outside the schoolrooms while instructors ‘ leading is exercised within the schoolroom. Nevertheless in school, instructors, decision makers, Learning Support Assistants ( LSAs ) , parents and pupils can all work together towards the betterment of Distributed Leadership ( DL ) . That is why Sergiovanni states that, â€Å" If leading is a pattern shared by many so it must be distributed among those who are in the right topographic point at the right clip and among those who have the ability. † ( 2006:189-190 ) In this subdivision, literature will be organised and focused round the undermentioned inquiries: What are the benefits of distributed leading in a secondary school? To what extent is leading shared among all stakeholders in Sunflower School? How far can administer leading facilitate acquisition? How effectual to the schools ‘ betterment and success can administer leading be? What are the benefits of distributed leading in a secondary school? A successful leader is classified as such, when s/he manages to affect others in the procedure of leading. Harmonizing to Sergiovanni, when principals portion leading, they â€Å" acquire more power in return † ( 2006:185 ) . DL besides enables those involved to develop their ain leading accomplishments. With DL, Principals are assisting their co-workers by hiking their assurance, and to do their ain determinations ( Nicholls, 2000 ) . Recently, Mifsud found that â€Å" Maltese Heads practise shared decision-making to guarantee widespread ownership † ( 2008:7 ) . Therefore all teaching-staff ( Teachers and LSAs ) will go more independent, while staying with the School Development Plan ( SDP ) and course of study. Sharing leading with all stakeholders involves giving clip to accomplish good consequences ( Brighouse and Woods, 1999 ) . The â€Å" pure † type of collegiality ( Bush, 1995:52 ) works its best, when the establishment is formed by a little figure of staff. Having a big figure of teaching-staff will certainly do DL hard. Although in our school ‘s context we have a big figure of staff, DL can still work since the teaching-staff is divided into smaller groups. Likewise, Brighouse and Woods say that, â€Å" The smaller the school or learning unit, the more leading, every bit good as work, can be shared † ( 1999:45 ) . Harmonizing to Leithwood et Al DL helps instructors to be satisfied with their work, increases their â€Å" sense of professionalism † , stimulates â€Å" organizational alteration † , increases efficiency and encourages â€Å" cross-interactions † between teaching-staff ( 1999:115 ) . Although, Blase and Blase argue that intrusting instructors with self-autonomy and empowerment makes them experience â€Å" satisfied, motivated and confident † and they are likely to give their uttermost in their occupation ( 1994:29 ) ; this sometimes may besides take the teaching-staff to overmaster the Principal like it happens in our school. Yet, Blase and Kirby ( 1992 ) found that when instructors are empowered through liberty, their attitudes and public presentation will acquire better. Furthermore, even when leading is shared among teaching-staff and pupils, this creates an attitude of regard between them, particularly when they are so straight involved. Having a dem ocratic leader helps derive attentive hearing from subsidiaries, which in bend will besides assist better relationships. When instructors working in democratic schools but had old experiences in other schools which have autocratic leaders were interviewed Blase and Blase ( 1994 ) concluded that instructors ‘ schoolroom liberty enable them to hold category control. An bossy manner called by Brighouse and Woods â€Å" north pole-north pole leading † will take instructors to work to govern and nil more ( 1999:51 ) . In contrast holding a democratic manner called â€Å" north pole-south pole † where leading is shared among all stakeholders, will â€Å" unlock tremendous rushs of energy and attempt among professionals † ( Brighouse and Woods: 1999:51 ) . They besides argue, that sharing leading will alleviate Heads organize some leading emphasis. Thus DL, leads to sharing of duty which will non stay a load on the Head ‘s shoulders. Until late, harmonizing to Cauchi Cuschieri ( 2007 ) , leading in Maltese Church Secondary Schools was seen as the Head instructor ‘s occup ation. However, the manner used today is much more DL amongst stakeholders. In our school this is non the instance, since from its initiation, it was believed that DL enables sharing thoughts and duty which eventually leads to the school ‘s betterment. Duke et Al, ( 1980 ) established, that the school is democratic one when the teaching-staff, is involved in the procedure of determination devising. Likewise, Blase and Blase argue that â€Å" increasing teacher entree to determination devising is indispensable to authorising instructors † ( 1994:33 ) . Besides, Churchfields secondary school survey shows, that instructors feel the demand to take part in the school ‘s direction as it gives better consequences in the determination devising procedure ( Bush, 1995 ) . Finally, when a determination is taken, it is the teaching-staff ‘s duty to set it into action. So, being involved leads the staff to do a determination ( Bush, 1995 ) . Rivalland ( 1989 cited in Wolfendale 1992:57 ) presents a figure of benefits that can be achieved from parental engagement in schools: They work for a better acquisition environment since it is for their ain kid ‘s involvement ; Whatever is needed to be done in school, and whatever parents are able to make, they do it and they offer themselves as human resources to the school ; They create the larning connexion between schools and pupils ‘ several places ; With their presence in school, they will go cognizant of what the school needs from clip to clip. Although, Wolfendale ( 1992 ) argues, that holding parents involved in the survey and preparation of school ‘s behavior and subject policy will give a good consequence ; this may non be applicable in our school since it seems that the Parents and Teachers Association ( PTA ) tackles merely societal issues and personal concerns of parents. However, this will be investigated subsequently on in this survey. King provinces that pupils ‘ leading is largely exercised in the â€Å" prefectorial system † ( 1973:141 ) . However, this does non look to be the lone solution for our school, since leading is besides exercised through the pupils ‘ council. It is true that the ultimate duty of decision-making in schools is in the custodies of the Principal. However, as Frost claims â€Å" Schools can besides be enriched by pupils ‘ parts to decision-making and course of study development † ( 2008:356 ) . Furthermore, when pupils are consulted in certain affairs such as finance they are taught â€Å" some of the difficult lessons of democracy † ( Colgate, 1976:123 ) . Prefects and council members are pupils peculiarly chosen to assist in school control and determination devising. If their assignment is successful they may besides function as function theoretical accounts for other pupils ( King, 1973 ) . Contrary to all the benefits of affecting all stakeholders, one has to state that collegiality is an intense activity since it entails work after school hours. Likewise, Smylie and Denny ( 1990 ) argue that the engagement of the teaching-staff in leading may be clip devouring and may hold an consequence on the pupils ‘ demands. The clip for preparation and the support allocated for these maps are non plenty, argues White ( 1992 ) . These jobs make DL more hard to win. However since all teaching-staff in our school have free periods during the twenty-four hours, this may non be a job. Adding to this, holding a big figure of participants might make jobs in communicating, even when holding a broad scope of different positions from all participants ( Bush, 1995 ) . To what extent is leading shared among all stakeholders in Sunflower School? Leadership is non a one adult male occupation, because to be successful this must be shared. Moyo writes that: â€Å" The construct of distributed leading is the thought of sharing leading amongst all stakeholders. These stakeholders, as stated earlier include caput instructors, in-between leaders, instructors, parents and pupils. † ( 2010:25 ) â€Å" It is non leading if a individual orders, requires, seduces, or threatens another ‘s conformity, † ( Sergiovanni, 2006:192 ) . So true leading is when it is shared among all those holding the ability to be involved in it. Similarly, Brighouse and Woods emphasise that: â€Å" One individual may be ‘key ‘ but leading is shared – among students, instructors and other staff and members of the community † ( 1999:48 ) . Similarly, Leithwood et Al ( 1999 ) refers to DL as a cardinal component of many SDPs. Until late the Head instructor in Maltese schools was seen as the school ‘s ultimate authorization ( Mifsud, 2008 ) . Rather than holding an bossy school, holding a democratic one entails holding a DL ( Bush, 1995 ) . With coaction, and exchange of thoughts, jobs can be solved collegially, while single qualities are developed farther ( Leithwood et al, 1999 ) . This is what Bush calls collegiality ( 1995:52 ) , and claims that there are two different types of collegiality, one is the â€Å" restricted † , intending that a figure from the staff are chosen to take part in the procedure of determination devising, while the other called â€Å" pure † is the procedure which involves everyone every bit ( Bush, 1995:52 ) . Teachers, LSAs, parents and pupils who are â€Å" tremendously committed to kids and school life † ( Brighouse and Woods, 1999:49 ) are perfect for take parting in DL, because they are more accessible, more sure, and their chief end is school be tterment. In one of the interviews carried out in Blase and Blase ‘s ( 1994 ) survey, a instructor describes best what a shared administration principal ‘s attitude should be like, that is, to steer non to order. Teachers interviewed could do comparings of past and present principals. Although it ‘s ideal to affect everyone in the procedure of determination devising, in the context of our school, there should be a individual that leads both the treatment, and assumes duty for taking the concluding determinations, which should be the Principal or a delegate. About this, Blase and Blase province that â€Å" principals are compelled to presume full duty over all school affairs † ( 1994:78 ) . Dunford et Al besides maintain that â€Å" whilst the Head will stay the leader, others will necessitate to add a leading function to their direction duties † ( 2000:5 ) . Weick ( 1976, cited in Blase and Blase 1994:135 ) claims that now schools have developed into administrations, in which decision makers and instructors work individually and independently. This does non look to be our school ‘s state of affairs, as the stakeholders all seemed to be involved in teamwork. In contrast, Blase and Blase ( 1994 ) research presents principals under survey as being unfastened to others ‘ sentiments, collegiality and DL. When this issue of DL was introduced, most Senior Management Team ( SMT ) members were being involved. Arguing this Dunford et Al ( 2000 ) say that peculiarly holding more SMT members in a secondary school, leads to the shared duty and the constitution of different functions. Leithwood et Al ( 1999:121 ) in their survey found that instructors were most likely involved in â€Å" school planning and school construction and administration † while the principals ‘ leading is more focussed to direction issues. In our school this is non the instance as in school be aftering the Principal is the Chairperson. Normally, people think that teacher leading is exercised merely within the schoolroom. However, in democratic schools like ours, instructors are involved in all facets of the school, even when taking determinations. Blase and Blase besides province that, â€Å" Successful shared administration principals show trust in instructors ‘ capacity for responsible engagement in both school-level and classroom-level determination devising. † ( 1994:27 ) Similarly Leithwood et al argued that there are two signifiers of teacher leading ; one is the formal manner for leading of category control, or an informal one: â€Å" By sharing their expertness, volunteering for new undertakings and conveying new thoughts to the school†¦ assisting their co-workers to transport out their schoolroom responsibilities, and by helping in the betterment of schoolroom pattern, † ( 1999:117 ) . Brighouse and Woods ( 1999 ) concluded that because instructors are leaders in categories they do n't wish to be followings, and so anticipate to take part more in school leading. Furthermore, they besides say that: â€Å" Successful HeadsaˆÂ ¦ are work forces and adult females with ideals and the ability to portion those ideals with those whom they lead. † ( 1999:54 ) . Therefore, through the sharing and openness of thoughts, leading is shared and determinations taken will keep much more. However, in the context of our school, if leading is to be shared and if instructors are to work in different groups, they are to be monitored either by the Principal or adjunct principal. Furthermore Leithwood et Al, ( 2000 ) claim that the figure of people involved in DL varies harmonizing to different undertakings. â€Å" Most effectual distribution of leading maps would change the Numberss of people supplying leading in response to the complexness of the undertakings to be performed-more in the instance of complex undertakings and fewer in response to simple undertakings † ( 2007:58 ) . Research shows that in Malta, â€Å" Practically all schools have instructors involved in one squad or another † ( LIE, 2009:176 ) . The benefits of DL indicate that Maltese schools are seeking to work hard on it. Since 1980, the Education Act in England â€Å" ensured parental representation on school regulating organic structures † ( Wolfendale, 1992:62 ) . Likewise, the Maltese Education Act that was reformed in 2006 provinces that the Maltese Directorate for Educational Services, â€Å" Should advance, promote and supervise the democratic administration of schools through School Councils with the active engagement of parents, instructors and pupils. † ( GOM, 2006:7 ) Therefore the PTA and Students ‘ Council were introduced in Maltese Schools so that they may take part actively in school leading and determination devising. As Wolfendale ( 1992 ) said, the purpose for parents ‘ engagement is to stand for other parents, to discourse common involvement issues and to inform other parents of determinations taken through written handbills or school meetings. It is besides described as â€Å" a forum for instructors and parents to run into and prosecute in societal and possibly fundraising activities † ( Wolfendale, 1992:74 ) . Furthermore, research in Malta confirms that parents are so involved in policy determination devising and pattern ( LIE, 2009 ) . Parents are ever lament to take part in school leading for the benefits of their ain kids and for the schools ‘ betterment ( Wolfendale, 1992 ) . In our school, this may non be the state of affairs, since there are those who are inactive and do non take part in any activities or meetings even if it regards their ain kid ‘s involvements. In most of the Maltese schools or colleges, merely a little per centum of parents are involved through the PTA commission, while others get involved merely through activities organized by the school or the PTA. Some parents â€Å" are called upon by the schools to offer their expertness where necessary † ( LIE, 2009:175 ) . However, Wolfendale ( 1992 ) notes, that sometimes instructors do non experience the benefit of parental engagement in school. Harding and Pike ( 1988 cited in Wolfendale, 1992:59 ) suggest ways in which parents can be straight involved in the school. This can be done through: Personal contact with the school and staff ; Written communicating ; PTA or other parental groups within the school ; Their engagement in school affairs and acquisition. In contrast, in primary schools the rate of parental engagement in the PTA is higher than in the secondary. This most likely happens because secondary schools are much larger in figure and more instructors are involved, so the resonance between parents and instructors may non be that strong. These issues have been called by Wolfendale as troubles â€Å" to put up and keep teacher-parent enterprises in secondary schools † ( 1992:58 ) . The development of the School Development Plan was one of the chief activities where DL was exercised in Maltese schools with the purpose of including all stakeholders in planning and treatment. As the purpose was for the school ‘s betterment and improved acquisition for all pupils, it was noticed that pupils were non included in any of the treatment. This issue was subsequently tackled foremost by a pupils ‘ school council ( LIE, 2009 ) and so by an Ekoskola commission, which takes attention of the environment ( Bezzina, 2007 ) . Since, pupils are the concluding winners of the educational establishment, they should hold infinite and chances to portion their positions and speak about their demands. Bell and Harrison ( 1998 ) province that it is of common importance for the school to work in coaction with pupils and promote them in teamwork. Likewise, Brighouse and Woods ( 1999 ) emphasis the importance of affecting kids in leading functions within the school, to do them more responsible and fix them for the universe of work. However, there are two types of pupil leaders and these must be clearly distinguished. There are those called toughs, who use their power to intimidate others and as a consequence push off all other pupils. The other group is called â€Å" unofficial leaders † ( Brighouse and Woods, 1999:48 ) , who somehow ever attract others. Furthermore, they may be trusted and given a figure of leading responsibilities to transport out as they are seen by instructors as capable and responsible students. To separate between these sorts of leaders, the school can organize a socio-gram trial at the beginning or at the terminal of the scholastic twelvemonth. How far can administer leading facilitate acquisition? Leithwood et Al ( 1999 ) argue that there is a challenge between leading pattern, and the research that points out ways in which leading affects pupils and their acquisition. In contrast, Spillane claims that: â€Å" What matters for instructional betterment and pupil accomplishment is non that leading is distributed, but how it is distributed † ( 2005:149 ) . However, Leithwood et Al ( 2006b ) maintain that after schoolroom instruction, leading is following to act upon pupils ‘ acquisition. Recently, Leithwood and Massey emphasised that â€Å" Leadership is a major cause for the betterments in pupil accomplishment. † ( 2010:79 ) Principals and other SMT members are encouraged to work difficult towards making a better environment for better acquisition. This means that they are to guarantee that the school ambiance is good both for instructors to work in and for pupils to larn. This does non mention merely to the physical environment, but besides to the distribution of leading and instructors ‘ liberty. Principals ‘ credence of trust and DL within their school means that they let the teaching-staff choose their ways and agencies of learning that is best applicable for the pupils under their duty ( Blase and Blase, 1994 ) . This besides can be done through promoting teamwork between instructors and LSAs. Similarly, Bezzina claims that â€Å" Merely by affecting all stakeholders and esteeming differences can we give birth to new thoughts † ( 2006:86 ) and therefore make a better ambiance for better acquisition. Furthermore, Brighouse and Woods highlight that DL and coaction among all staff will ensue in: â€Å" raising the accomplishment of students † ( 1999:83 ) . Christopher Bezzina conducted a instance survey in one of the Maltese Church schools, where the academic accomplishment was non so high. The school ‘s Head, holding had experiences in different schools introduced the issue of DL for better acquisition. Teaching-staff, parents and pupils were encouraged to take part in the schools ‘ affairs and determination devising programmes. The consequence was successful concluding that â€Å" choice betterment enterprises placed a great accent on the leading of the administration † ( Bezzina 2008:23 ) . Therefore, one can reason that holding DL in a school has a great impact on acquisition. Harmonizing to Moyo, DL has an consequence on pupils ‘ larning through instructors, who are the closest leaders in contact with pupils and their acquisition ; â€Å" But in order to accomplish this, instructors need to be involved and motivated by the leading, † ( 2010:23 ) . Teachers holding a personal position of DL, aid kids to larn more. This is done by affecting them in leading pattern inside and outside the schoolroom. Brighouse and Woods ( 1999 ) note that even the type of teacher-student relationship has an influence on pupils ‘ acquisition. Furthermore, holding bossy leading manner in category does non assist in making a acquisition ambiance for pupils. The instructor with good pupil relationship encourages students to ne'er give up, and aim high in life for the hereafter. As stated by Blase and Blase ( 1994 ) , instructors ‘ liberty is when they are free to make up one's mind their ain ways and agencies, to transport out their work. In Malta, instructors ‘ liberty is largely linked with the schoolroom ; where they are free to plan their lesson programs, with their ain resources, while besides holding liberty to pupils ‘ control, which Blase and Blase ( 1994:73 ) name it â€Å" disciplinary affairs † . This sort of DL will besides act upon pupils ‘ acquisition. Besides this type of liberty in the schoolroom, new methods and techniques should be tried and encouraged. This so called â€Å" invention † facilitates larning for all pupils, as instruction becomes non merely one size fits all, but adapted particularly to the students ‘ demands ( Blase and Blase 1994:75 ) through the administration of differentiated acquisition. In school, this entails teamwork, reinforces collegiality and sharing of the resources within. For instructors to better pupils ‘ acquisition, they must foremost portion their ideals with others and so work together towards that ideal. â€Å" It is the occupation of the direction to convey those ideals together into common set of aims, † ( Brighouse and Woods, 1999:54 ) . Parents are considered as the first pedagogues, great subscribers of all facets of acquisition, and ever interested in assisting their kids to larn better. Wolfendale ( 1992:60 ) argues that, â€Å" parents as pedagogues, can do a important part to kids ‘s acquisition of reading and literacy accomplishments † . Furthermore, Leithwood et al argue that: â€Å" No affair what the pupil population, affecting parents chiefly in the instruction of their ain kids is most likely to lend to kids ‘s acquisition † ( 2006a:102 ) . The survey by HMI ( Her Majesty ‘s Inspectors ) showed that Parents ‘ engagement in schools, lead to pupils ‘ success ( 1991, cited in Wolfendale, 1992:56 ) . It ‘s interesting to analyze ways in which parents can assist both instructors and pupils in relation to acquisition. However, one must besides take note of the relationship that exists between parents and instructors and non do any occupation tampering. Normally, we merely think of academic consequences when it comes to pupils ‘ acquisition. However, research shows that through their engagement in leading, pupils gain more cognition and get new accomplishments. These accomplishments are needed for their hereafter in society. Frost claims that pupils ‘ engagement in leading besides helps them get other non-academic accomplishments ; â€Å" greater self-pride, heightened assurance, interpersonal and political accomplishments, and self-efficacy when pupils have chances to exert duty † ( 2008:356 ) . When given certain leading functions, pupils set their ain marks for larning through that experience ( Brighouse and Woods, 1999 ) , which might besides be of aid to other pupils. Brighouse and Woods ( 1999 ) argue that a instructor can give duty to pupils to assist those in demand in a certain affair. Through each other ‘s support, those that have less academic abilities will accomplish and larn more. Research shows that students have so much to state about their acquisition, and as such they should be consulted for the benefit of their acquisition, and the methodological analysis used by instructors in category ( Morgan, 2011 ) . How effectual to the schools ‘ betterment and success can administer leading be? Fink sees schools as â€Å" populating systems † where: â€Å" Leadership is distributed across the assorted cells that affect a school such as pupils, instructors, parents, brotherhoods, societal services, County Hall, and local communities † . ( 2010:44 ) Bezzina ‘s survey carried out in a Maltese Church School revealed, that when instructors were involved in DL â€Å" the bulk of staff felt responsible for finding the manner forward † ( 2008:24 ) . He so concluded that school betterment and success can be achieved, â€Å" with difficult work, forfeit and committedness expressed by the Head instructor, the senior leading squad, students, parents and instructors, † ( Bezzina, 2008:26 ) . LIE maintains that when a policy ‘s determination devising procedure involves all stakeholders in a school including, SMT, instructors, pupils and parents ; â€Å" Then the values which are held beloved by the school will be on the route to success because they would hold been owned by all † ( 2009:176 ) Brighouse and Woods ( 1999:45 ) confirm that research done in the yesteryear and once more recently by OFSTED shows that, â€Å" leading in schools is the cardinal factor in betterment and success † . They besides argue that, â€Å" A cardinal ingredient to school success is the extent to which the values of school life are shared among all the members of the community, † ( Brighouse and Woods, 1999:55 ) Harmonizing to Telford ( 1995 ) coaction between all stakeholders within a school brings about school betterment. She argues that the following points which lead to school betterment impact both the persons within the school and the establishment itself ; â€Å" Development of the educational potency of pupils, professional development of instructors, good organisational wellness, institutionalization of vision † ( Telford, 1995, cited in Bell and Harrison 1998:14 ) . It is interesting to observe that it is much easier for principals to command ends instead than worlds. To derive control for the achievement of a end, leading must be shared ( Sergiovanni, 2006 ) . Little ( 1981, cited in Sergiovanni, 2006:186 ) found that when principals work through collegiality with instructors, the school will better. It is of importance to equalise the principal and instructors ‘ sentiments in a treatment, since no 1 should be preferred to the others as everyone is sharing from his/her ain cognition, for the school ‘s best involvement ( Blase and Blase, 1994 ) . Similarly, Nicholls ( 2000 ) argue that leading is best carried out when a figure of people holding the same values and purposes challenge each other for acquiring better consequences. In other words, one can state that school leading is best fulfilled when all those involved in the establishment, portion their ideas without being considered as superior to one another. Therefore, â€Å" inc luding group activity liberates leading and provides the model we need for widespread engagement in bettering schools † ( Sergiovanni, 2006:186 ) . In successful schools, when a argument crops up on school betterment, the staff should work on: â€Å" Involving students, parents and governors † ( Brighouse and Woods, 1999:83 ) . Likewise, Davies and Davies ( 2010 ) besides claim that it is important to affect others in school leading as it leads to school betterment and success. Furthermore, they say that: â€Å" Prosecuting all the staff in treatments about where the school is, where it needs to travel and therefore the accomplishments and cognition we need to larn to accomplish advancement is a uniting factor. † ( Davies and Davies, 2010:15 ) Shared leading might convey about alterations which are required for school betterment to take topographic point. The best alteration is normally one generated from something or person within the school because it â€Å" Recharges energy in participants and embraces the greatest likeliness of betterment in instruction and acquisition manners, merely because it is so localized, † ( Brighouse and Woods, 1999:60 ) . Changes for school betterment are gained faster, when instructors are involved in the procedure of determination devising ( Bush, 1995 ) . Furthermore, Brighouse and Woods, ( 1999 ) argue that when alteration for school betterment is required, clip has to be allocated in the school ‘s journal, since the staff needs clip to work on the execution procedure. In their survey Leithwood et Al concluded that instructors consider their engagement in leading, as a measure for the school to be more â€Å" effectual † and â€Å" advanced † ( 1999:121 ) . Furthermore, when instructors are involved in the determination devising they are less likely to hold inauspicious reactions to principals ‘ outlooks. Harmonizing to Dunford et Al ( 2000 ) when the determination doing process involves those who are closest to its impact it gives a positive attitude towards school betterment. In add-on, they say that if secondary schools want to be effectual, leading must be shared at least among senior staff. Furthermore, Sergiovanni ( 2006 ) emphasises that in schools where power is shared among principals, instructors, parents and others, work is done autonomously towards schools purposes for school betterment. Likewise, Nicholls ( 2000 ) claims, that a shared vision is indispensable for school betterment. Trusting instructors through authorization may take principals to accomplish their coveted ends without enforcing them. â€Å" Building trust is critical to authorising instructors, † ( Blase and Blase, 1994:29 ) . They besides claim that this shows that the principal demonstrated great religion in them and valued them as experts and professionals, † ( Blase and Blase, 1994:77 ) . Teachers involved in different leading functions are expected to work for the betterment of the decision-making procedure ( Leithwood et al, 1999 ) . This collegial procedure of affecting others in the determination devising procedure is exercised through treatment and shared power in the establishment. â€Å" In a collegial, collaborative environment, principals systematically concentrate on enabling others to analyze and redesign schools for improved acquisition, and instructors learn to portion power and work as a squad. † ( Blase and Blase, 1994:33 ) Leithwood et Al ( 2007 ) concluded that when DL is implemented and when chances are offered, staff will be much more motivated to work towards school betterment. From their research Leithwood et al established that: â€Å" Informal leaders had more involvement with making high-performance outlooks and actuating others than formal school leaders, while formal leaders had more to make with identifying and jointing a vision. † ( 2007:57 ) With informal leaders we can include both parents and students. When pupils are at place most of them speak about their school experience with their siblings and through this parents get to cognize their ideas and feelings. Hence, parents might be another nexus between schools and kids. Parental engagement in schools may convey about alterations which will eventually take to school betterment. Similarly, Wolfendale argues that, â€Å" parental sentiment can be mobilized to convey about important alterations † ( 1992:63 ) . Decision â€Å" School ‘s success lies in the accomplishments and attitudes of the professional staff, non simply within the leading capablenesss of the principal. † ( Blase and Blase, 1994:28 ) Therefore DL is needed for growing and development because the Principal sometimes is in demand of other staff members to work out certain jobs. Harmonizing to Bezzina, DL â€Å" calls for an extension of that power vertically downwards to affect all members of staff, † ( 2000:305 ) . Furthermore, the concluding consequence of school success is a occupation that belongs to all stakeholders involved and non merely a Principal ‘s occupation. This is the purpose of this survey to look into the DL system in Sunflower school and eventually happen some recommendations to how it can be improved. As Mifsud suggests: â€Å" There could be infinite for more leading functions within the school and more enterprises by different stakeholders can be taken up, therefore widening the range for leading distribution. † ( 2008:8 ) Therefore through sharing leading with all stakeholders in the establishment both school and acquisition will be enriched.

JetBlue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

JetBlue - Essay Example This organization’s goals have been achieved through effective leading, controlling, planning and organizing functions; the study of the individuals and groups in JetBlue which brings the organization behavior known as JetBlue experience (Schermerhorn, 2012). To achieve a wide application, a behavioral science approach was applied by JetBlue by planning and re-enforcing of organizational strategies, process, and structures in order to improve the effectiveness of JetBlue. For this, JetBlue developed a System Operation Center to become an organ for making decisions, teamwork, communication and offering leadership to crewmembers in order to offer excellent services to customers. This has been done through total utilization of the process of change in behavioral science technologies, theory, and research. The long-term strategy of JetBlue has been to change attitudes, cultural values, attitudes and organization structures. To achieve this, JetBlue had to renew its capacity and transform itself into a learning organization (Kondalkar, 2009). To change the operating environment, JetBlue had to reorganize itself to fit in the modern environment. Change had to be managed from the top by Senior Vice President (Operations) (Organization Development Network, 2015). Change is part of the organization culture at JetBlue; thus the department within the organization must help SOC in improving JetBlue and directors always lead the crewmembers. This is espoused in the values and beliefs of JetBlue with clear enshrined goals, aspirations, rationalization and ideologies (Schein, 2010). SOC develops goals and objectives, trains and develops crewmember skills at JetBlue University. This is done by developing complete HR training modules suited for each department and as per the requirement of the director. Surveys are done in order to measure the level of achievement of success in JetBlue. This has also been made possible through applying basic assumptions and

Comparing texas Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparing texas - Research Paper Example Over the years the numbers have changed considerably in some categories whereas in others Texas seems to be doing considerably well. Take the category for ‘State Taxes’ for example. In 2009 Texas ranked as the 49th country whereas now it is occupies the 46th spot. Moving towards the education sector and state rankings we see Texas’s ‘high school graduate rate’ stands on the 41st spot among all states whereas in 2010 there is a decrease in this rate as Texas drops 2 ranks down and now occupies the 43rd number; showing that the high school graduate rate is dropped in the state or grown sufficiently in the other states. This fact surprised me considerably mostly because when you look at the category ‘Percent of Elementary/Secondary School Funding from State Revenue’, we see in 2009 Texas was on the 47th spot showing the low amount of funding being allocated to the education sector whereas there is a drastic improvement in this aspect as in 2 010 Texas now stands on the 37th spot; which would obviously relay the fact that more funds are being injected into the education sector and yet it is surprising that the high school graduate rate seems to have dropped. ... Obesity in children is an alarmingly increasing problem which is a growing challenge for all states Texas has done reasonably well in this category and I cannot help but feel a sense of pride and accomplishment at this feat. That being said ‘the percent of children living in poverty’ has gone up as Texas now ranks 4th which is 3 spots more than it did in 2009. Another area of concern is that of health care. Texas has consistently been ranked on top of the list of states with ‘percent of population uninsured.’ With very minor or no difference in their rank as far as health professionals per capita( Nurses, Physicians and registered nurses) are concerned. As far as the overall environment is concerned Texas seems to be doing considerably bad with no effective implementation of measures to improve the environment. This can be seen in they way Texas has ranked 1 in 2009 and 2011 as having the most amounts of ‘Air Pollution Emissions’, ‘Amount of Volatile Organic Compounds Released into Air’ and ‘Amount of Toxic Chemicals Released into Water’ The three major problems that can be identified by looking at the rankings for Texas over the years are those of: Healthcare, Environment and Education. In the healthcare sector, the category of ‘percent of population uninsured’ is a cause of great concern. In the education sector, the category of ‘high school graduate rate’ with Texas dropping from the 41st rank in 2009 to 43rd in 2010. As far as the environment is concerned, the numerous categories such as ‘air pollution emissions’, ‘amount of volatile organic compounds released into air’ and ‘amount of toxic chemicals released into water’ all seem to have Texas on the number

Geologic Hazard Risk Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Geologic Hazard Risk - Research Paper Example The most notable area that is likely to suffer from landslide is on the east side of the slough along lake Washington, Boulevard. Most Geological Investigations to date have focused almost extensively on this area (Elliot et al., 53). Different investigations and aerial photographs document extensive pavement damage in these areas; these evidences can only suggest that Washington is likely to suffer Landslides in the future. Aerial Photographs from 1936 to 2004 indicates significant dredging along the lake Washington shoreline and within the Mercer Slough channel proving the possibility of landslides in the future. The past evidences of landslides in Sherwood Boulevard also provide concrete evidence of potential landslides in the future. For instance, in January 2009, Washington state residents discovered a landslide completely blocking South West Sherwood Boulevard in Washington Park. This landslide was approximately forty cubic yards in length and approximately two feet deep. Actually, the landslide not only covered Sherwood road completely, but also blocked normal rain drainage in the area. Besides landslide, other types of geological hazards that can affect Washington are earthquakes (Lynn, 201). Recently, a small earthquake was reported in Southwest Washington in Wednesday. Though there were not immediate reports of injuries and damages, this earthquake proved that if no action is taken soon, then Southwest Washington might suffer another earthquake in future. According to a geological investigation initiated by the Washington State Department of Transport, there are several potential causes of landslides and earthquakes in Washington (Washington Department of Transportation news release and news report, 133). Different areas such as mercer flow have been subjected to intensive studies and various potential factors for earthquake occurrence have been identified. This investigation found out that the major

Environmental Science Phase 5 Individual Project Essay

Environmental Science Phase 5 Individual Project - Essay Example There are several fatal flaws in the claim that the U.S. can’t afford to take the legislative steps necessary to slow the effects of global warming. The scientific community agrees that global temperatures are rising due to the burning of fossil fuels which are damaging the protective atmospheric Ozone layer by changing its composition. Human pollution is changing the climate of our earth and has increased global warming in the past half century. The effects are being felt worldwide, not just in the U.S. where most of the CO2 emissions are generated. The question before us is, are we stewards of our earth and will we preserve it for future generations? If the past 30 years are any indication, then the answer is no. Noticeable effects of global warming are fairly insignificant right now to the average person, but its effects are unquestionably growing in scale. If the population of the planet were to immediately discontinue polluting the air with carbon dioxide emissions, climate changes would still continue long into the future. It is vitally important that the people of the world realize that we have set in motion an experiment on planet Earth which we cannot simply turn off because we finally realized the dire consequences. If we injure the planet in this selfish, cataclysmic method, we kill future generations of humankind. Agricultural activity, land masses and the very air we breathe will suffer a radical change from the effects of global warming, but to what degree? I don’t know but don’t want to know. The projected rate of climate change is very alarming to many scientists but not as much to politicians as this topic isn’t as high on the political agenda as some others. It seems to me that the world leaders have no sense of urgency about them regarding global warming. They place great importance on the popular items of the

The career of Mozart Wolfgang Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The career of Mozart Wolfgang - Research Paper Example In order to understand the value of orchestration for Mozart’s works it should be necessary to refer primarily to the characteristics of orchestration, as a technique used while performing music pieces with different requirements in terms of their performance environment. In its most common form, orchestration can be described as ‘the division of a musical composition among the instruments of an orchestra for artistic effects’. These effects are not standardized. For certain composers, such as Mozart, emphasis would be given on the sense of unity of the music piece. Other effects, such as the unexpected change on a music piece’s tone, could be also achieved using orchestration. The first concerns for the potential value of orchestration in regard to the performance of music works have appeared in the 18th century (Keefe 2003). During that period, the need for a technique for increasing the tone effects of music works was made clear. Instrumental effects could be used for securing a ‘grand tone, like a Pindaric one’, but up to a point.... e contribution of Mozart in the promotion of orchestration is made clear through the following fact: orchestration, as part of performing music works, was known by the late 18th century (Keefe 93). However, in the past, before Mozart, orchestration was related only to ‘wind instruments’ (Zaslaw 439). Mozart introduced orchestration as a technique for increasing the tone effects of a music piece by engaging all instruments of the orchestra, a practice that has been unknown by then (Zaslaw 439). Indeed, it was just in Paris Symphony of Mozart that the potentials of orchestration were full revealed. During the performance of the above work all instruments of the orchestra were employed for achieving unique, up to then, orchestral effects, such as the sense of ‘unity and of coloristic nuance’ (Zaslaw 439) in regard to all parts of a music piece. At this point, the following issue should be explored: which are the factors that influenced Mozart in choosing orches tration as a key technique for presenting his works to the public? In addition, it should be made clear at what level orchestration has been part of Mozart’s works. Finally, the key tools used by Mozart for promoting orchestration should be presented. Different factors tend to influence composers and performers when having to choose instruments that will be used in performing music works. For example, when composers were asked to develop music works for ‘a powerful person who loved to play a particular music instrument and wished to combine it with others’ (Honigsheim 98), the music work ordered needed to meet the following criterion: it should be based solely on ‘the combination of this instrument with others’ (Honigsheim 98). Mozart has responded to such requests developing music pieces based

Research paper about business problems Assignment

Research paper about business problems - Assignment Example Now, in order to solve this problem, I thought, the decision matrix would be the best possible solution. The matrix has been based on the criteria such as quality, price and the time of delivery. The below plotted matrix will be decision based matrix and the further evaluation will follow the matrix. Based on the decision matrix above, it is clear that Supplier 2 is the best from all the aspects and they are also meeting the two criteria of fast delivery and good quality. Based on this analysis, we decided to go ahead with Supplier 2 to get the best possible solution to our problem. The first situation is the case of Kelloggs and General Mills. We need to comment on the revenues generated by the two companies in order to find out which one as an organization is a better performer. The second situation is that where a healthcare organization which has its own medicines, needs to select on a supplier based on the quality, time of delivery and charges of the boxes that are required on an urgent basis. As discussed above, the problem out here lies within the two organization. Kelloggs is a well known brand in the FMCG industry and General Mills is equally popular. Both of the firms have been in the industry for quite a long time, but we have to find out which of the two are performing better financially. The second case is that a healthcare organization where I used to work previously. The organization is going through a crisis situation. They have their own medicines, but they do not have the boxes required to pack the medicines in order to sell it to the patients. In a such a situation, several suppliers have been approached and we have noted down the delivery details of each of the suppliers. Now the problem still remains as to which of, them should we choose for the delivery. Since we need to find the financial performance of Kelloggs and General Mills, the best possible solution is to go through their

USA Consumer Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

USA Consumer Law - Essay Example Casey became so upset and distracted owing to nightmares that lead to her job loss. She wants to move out of the house but her effort to sell it could not even fetch a half of what he had spent in its purchase. Casey obviously feels deceived and treated unfairly by the seller as the latter failed to disclose the happenings that had happened in the house prior to its painting and subsequent sale. However it is not clear whether the seller is in real estate business and the fact that his mother was brutally murdered in his house does not out rule this possibility. It is clear that at the time the transaction took place, the buyer intends to purchase the house for her household, family or personal purposes and not for resale. As such we will consider Casey (buyer) to be a consumer. Since this forms a consumer transaction, the buyer can initiate legal claims under deceptive trade practices under the Federal Trade Commission Act or the Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act that she was deceived by the seller. Casey in her legal claim that she was deceived by the seller, she can refer to the fact that the advertisement that she relied on was misleading and thus illegal. The advertisement described the house to have just been painted but upon the neighbor visited Caser, he informs her of what had happened in the same house and at this point we realize that it had been repainted so as to attract a new the buyer as opposed to the normal painting. The actual statement in the advertisement concerning the product’s (the house) quality and ingredients (painting) is fake. Also the advertisement described the house to be â€Å"a perfect house, in excellent condition.† The wording of this statement aims at guaranteeing the buyer of satisfaction and value for her money on acquiring the house. But the statement is deceptive since the seller has

Martin Luther King and Henry DavidThoreau Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther King and Henry DavidThoreau Essay However with different motives; Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Henry David Thoreau were both admirable men that strived for a better government. As respected spokesmen they served as rebels against what they thought to be bad ones stopping at nothing. Not even jail. Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King Jr. were both brilliant men. Thoreaus Civil Obedience and Dr. Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail are perfect examples of their intellect. Looking at these documents and observing the tactics they use while attempting to move their audience toward their ultimate goal, one can see the finesse that both men possessed. Thoreau and Dr. King lived during two different centuries. So being that they were vocalist and activist on the current issues its almost certain that they would have a different motive. Even though their motive was poles apart, differing in many ways, both Thoreau and Dr. King wrote with the aspiration of obtaining a new form of government presumably resembling the republican one we exercise today. Although awfully controversial, to do so both men felt nonverbal actions such as breaking the laws was the only effective way. In spite of the fact that its relatively ironic, they viewed going to jail in order to make a mockery of an immoral or impractical laws put in place by the government was the very highest respect for law (King para. 5).Henry David Thoreau motive for rebelling against the government was to make it more of a democratic one. He had no respect for the way it was being ran. His proclaimed problem basically summed up to be that he felt the government was being ran like a monarchy, or in other words by a selective few and not an entire society as it should. It simply wasnt up to par according to his standards; for he stated this I ask for, not at once no government, but at once a better government (para. 4).Unlike Henry David Thoreau, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was an African American during the times of segregation. This alone is a critical manipulating variable in the equation of why the twos motive wasnt the same. Dr. King was all about helping America move towards a desegregated future. He had zeal towards annihilating all unjust laws which he stated to be a code inflicted upon a minority which that minority had no part in enacting or creating (para. 4), but for the most part he had an overall respect for the government. In conclusion, its safe to say that other than race and motive Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King Jr. were pretty similar. They both were men of their own opinion that could be classified as moralized radicals. As spokesmen of their time they were both good at what they did. Through the form of speeches, protest, letters, and etcetera they both exemplified Civil Disobedience (Thoreau). Thoreau, Henry D. Civil Disobedience. New York: Barnes Noble Books, 1849. 263-287. King Jr., Dr. Martin L. Letter from Birmingham City Jail. 16 Apr.-May 1963. Birmingham: Charles Moore, 1963. 1.

Sport In The Construction Of Masculinity

Sport In The Construction Of Masculinity Gender studies is an interdisciplinary study which investigate different aspects of gender. Sport is one of the aspects that researchers in these years are trying to analyse in a gender perspective. It is believed that sport is socially conditioned based on many researches. This essay will examine sport contributing to the construction of masculinity by several ways, they are: gender stratification in tradition, homophobia in sport, sport as male bonding ritual, biased opportunities towards men and media influence. Further examples and elaborations will follow in each point to demonstrate sport is indeed a social constitution constructing masculinity. Sport has long been instituted as male dominated and masculine in orientation by a couple of reasons. First, the historical gender stratification throughout a century has established that sport is an institution constructing masculinity. We are living in a patriarchal society that male are always in superior status than female, from economic status to daily life. The society has embedded a concept that the role of women is to give birth and their only obligation is to take care of children. But in 20th century, women are no longer highly dependent on men, as more and more women have become labours in the market. It has shortened the distance between two sexes, but obviously gender inequality cannot be eliminated so easily. Bilrell and Cole (1990) have mentioned that superiority of physical fitness is the key factor of winning in sport, and sport is the main activities emphasis on the sexual differentiation. Since sport emphasizes a lot on strength and bravery, male are thought to per form well innately than women (Klein 1990). As a result, the male participating rate in sport in general is higher than women. It is no wonder that Zane Grey (1992) in his book wrote All boys love baseball. If they dont theyre not real boys. This concept was passed on from generation to generation and eventually sport becomes a site constructing masculinity. Second, homophobia is another factor constructing masculinity in sport. As mentioned in the previous paragraph, sport has somehow developed into a male hegemonic activity. Male who does not participate in sports are not regarded as real man, and female participating in sports are thought to be manlike. They may, therefore, be treated as homosexuals. In fact, in the traditional socialization process, men in the early age had learnt that male who does not perform in manly way may see as homosexual (Messner 1992). Athletics, no matter male or female, may sometimes make apparent or even exaggerated movement to show their masculinity and femininity, just because they are afraid of people confusing their gender identity. Ordinarily, males characteristics are tough, aggressive, competitive, physically strong, whereas women tend to show attractive appearance, to do make-up and wearing feminine clothing. The traditional association of physical strength, power and athleticism with masculinity causes many people to question the sexuality of women athletes. Former tennis star Chris Evert paid great attention to whether or not she acted like a woman in the court, and almost the end of her tennis career she finally willing to admit that she is an athlete (Woolum 1998). Though she is a tennis player, she tried to act like a woman so as to maintain her feminine image. When Evert evaluated on her early stage of career, she said she never feel like an athlete, she was just a person playing tennis (Woolum 1998). She would like to be a complete woman such as having nail polish and wearing fancy hair band, rather than a freak in others eyes. From this example, we have seen that sport is thought to be male-oriented. Since female athletes challenge traditional notions of femininity and their abilities are seen as stereotypically masculine, female athletes are always contending with homophobia so that they will not be labelled as lesbian. It, in turns, lessens females willingness to p articipate in sport. As for men, they tend to participating in sport in order to show their manhood and avoid categorized as gay. It is, therefore, understandable that sports is a site for the embodiment of masculinity because of its nature of male-oriented. Third, sports play an important role in masculinity because sport is constructed as male bonding ritual. Similar to fraternity and military, sport helps young boys making connections in their life (Fine 2000). As we all know, sport focuses a lot of competitiveness and aggression, or sometimes, even involves physical contact and collision in between athletes. These are the elements that enable the notion of masculinity and the hegemonic ideal to construct a boy into a real man. Burstyn (1999) believed that sport provided the kind of rituals of conquest and aggression that men with a weak sense of masculinity needed to symbolize, to make physical and palpable, the difference between a mans man and a mamas boy , which means sport is succeeded in socializing boys into manhood despite the absence of the family father (Burstyn 1999). Here we realize that sport is in fact served as an embodied ritual of confirming and strengthening mens gender identity. Even if some children may live in sin gle-parent families, they are still able to achieve manliness as sport can be a replacement of father for them to obtain masculinity. All men can group together to retain their manhood and to reassert their gender privilege via sport. Thus, we can conclude that sport is a bonding ritual for men to construct their masculinity. In addition, biased opportunity towards men is a way to gradually construct masculinity in sport. Traditionally we are told that girls are only suitable for activities which are related to the aesthetic side of sports such as ice cheerleading and skating. Females are not recommended to engage in high physical contact activities such as rugby, boxing and soccer. In the schooling stage, gender socialization and gender typing shaped teenagers how they should act based on their gender. Plausibly, self-fulfilling prophecy has occurred and these norms have shaped individuals behavior, which in turn shapes future expectations. This cycle has shaped our society into a male supremacy culture, and sport is an embodiment of this notion. The opportununties bias can be seen particularly in the professional ranks. Womens sport would never be at the top of the pirority when business companies looking to use sports to market their product (Person 2009). They concerned with earning money from the adv ertsing and they believed that the money return will not be as much if they invest in womens sport (Person 2009). The average salary can obviously indicate the inequality of opportunities within two sexes, men are able to earn 4 millions in average whereas women can only earn approximately 1.4% of men, around $55,000 in average. Without social and economical motivation, girls devote less time to the sport. As a result, sport become male domain and a site for constrcuting masculinity. Finally, media influence is a factor contributing to the masculine construction in sport. The Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles has done a research (Wilson 1999) claiming that over 90% of American teenagers consume sports media. Since sports are mostly dominated by men, from the athletes and coaches to the commentators and reporters, media is definitely influential enough to transmit ideas about masculinity and maleness. And when it comes to reporting sport news, the newsworthiness is the main point reporters are focusing on. Mens sport is generally believed to have more attention and enthusiasm from the public, compared with womens sport. Sometimes after a match has finished, reporters are able to immediately interview male athletes in the changing room, it is, however, impossible to do the same thing on women. It is, therefore, clear that there are lots of bias and limitations on sports media which ultimately contribute to the construction of masculinity in our society. In conclusion, sport was demonstrated as being a dominant social institution which naturalized mens power and privilege over women. It has marginalized and trivialized female athletes, which sequentially help reproducing the ideological of masculinity in sport.

Use of Irony to Portray Morality in Lord Byrons Don Juan Essay

Use of Irony to Portray Morality in Lord Byron's Don Juan In Don Juan, George Gordon, Lord Byron, diverges from his name-sake characterization with an un-Byronic hero, Don Juan. The poem has been viewed as nihilistic and immoral. Actually there is plenty present in the first canto to show morality and hope for humanity. The poem should be viewed as the author intended: "a satire on abuses of the present state of Society, an not an eulogy on vice..." (Bostetter 9). Don Juan is a satire and therefore the morals present are shown in an ironic way. If fact, he wrote in such an obvious ironic fashion that it is hard to imagine the message was lost on many. His ironic theme is based on what people think and what they actually do. In effect it is the masks people wear in public view and carelessly toss away in private. Hence he shows the immorality in society through their hypocrisy. The poem begins from the narrator's point of view. The narrator guides Juan's story and plays an important role because from his perspective we can see the reasons behind so many of the "immoral" circumstances in the poem. He begins with a search for a hero. After a search in his present time he states: "The age discovers he is not the true one" (Byron 5). He cannot find a hero in his time but he does acknowledge the existence of hero's in the past. "Brave men were living before Agamemnon" (Byron 33). Therefore he may be pessimistic about his time but not for the whole of humanity. Byron utilizes irony often, and it usually is through the narrator that the irony is drawn out. The narrator is detailing a background on Juan's parents and tells that they quarrel often. He says that it is no business of his that they quarrel. "I loathe that low vice cu... ... theme than morality is demonstrated when the effects of a restrictive education on a youth are shown? Byron, the best supporter of his work said: "I maintain that it is the most moral of poems; but if people won't discover the moral, that is their fault, not mine" (Trueblood 87). While he may overstate the morality of his poem, he does write the truth, the morality is there if one cares to find it. Works Cited Bostetter, Edward E., Ed. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Don Juan. NJ:Prentice Hall, Inc. 1969. Byron, George Gordon. Don Juan The Norton Anthology of English Literature The Major Authors, 6th ed. New York:W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1996. Rutherford, Andrew. Byron A Critical Study. CA:Stanford University Press 1961 Trueblood, Paul Graham. The Flowering of Byron's Genius Studies in Byron's Don Juan. New York:Russell & Russell 1962.

The Murders In The Rue Morgue Essay -- essays research papers fc

In Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue†, a crucial statement is declared about how he views the inner workings of men, as well as how men interact with women in society. The narrative is based around the horrific murder of two defenseless women, which seems to have been committed by a mystery â€Å"beast†. Poe demonstrates the primitive violent forces that exist within people, particularly men, which have the ability to escape in shocking ways, often against a woman. Poe uses violence as a negative, inhumane act, in order to reinforce the innate brutal impulses that are just under the surface of all male beings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poe describes where the â€Å"Ourang-Outang† was originally taken from, with intent to embody the primitive undeveloped qualities in man. After being taken from an Indian Archipelago, Borneo, the Ourang-Outang is brought back to Paris, where he begins to obtain human characteristics simply by watching his master and learning through imitation. An example of this would be when the sailor comes back to his room and finds the Ourang-Outang â€Å"Razor in hand, and fully lathered, [it was] sitting before the looking-glass, attempting the operation of shaving, in which it had no doubt previously watched its master though the key-hole of the closet.†(Poe 120) When the beast becomes terrified, and escapes with the razor still in his hand, he is depicting the idea of a man’s inner â€Å"beast† getting loose when he fears a situation. During the scene when the Ourang-Outang â€Å"was flourishing the razor about her [Madame L’Espanayeâ₠¬â„¢s] face, imitating the motions of a barber†(121), the beast is thinking just like a human man. He is even using a human tool in order to commit these atrocious murders, which is indicative of Poe’s notion that all men are capable of performing horrible deeds at a time when their animalistic impulses take over.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a stark contrast presented between civilized behavior and the primitive behavior that these slaughters suggest. The murders are so horrid and revolting that it does not seem conceivable that a human would have the ability to do the things that were done. Some of the evidence collected from the murder site included, â€Å" two or three long and thin tresses of gray human hair that seemed to have been pulled out by the roots.† (99) Likewise, â€Å"the body [of the old lady], as... ...e power. In society, it is the cerebral beings that are looked at strangely by others, which is declared by Poe when he says, â€Å"had the routine of our life at this place been known to the world, we should have been regarded as madmen-although, perhaps, as madmen of a harmless nature.† (95) Here he is desperately trying to show the immense divergence in the inner workings of a man’s mind, which he does quite well with the Ourang-Outang representing man, as well as having Dupin, a genius, solving the crime committed. Dupin is the epitome of civilization, while in direct contrast is the beast, whom is completely barbaric and uncivilized. Throughout the tale, Poe is able to show how all men have animalistic impulses deep down, while demonstrating how these rages are often taken out on defenseless women. He then goes on to show the contrast between man as civilized and logical, against man as uncultured and thoughtless. Poe demonstrates how either type of man can exist, yet poses the question of whether it is possible for both characteristics to be exhibited simultaneously in a single man. Works Cited 1. Poe, Edgar Allan. Selected Tales. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 1998.

Gender Strategies Essay

Gender strategies refer to a literary strategy and a manner of analyzing literary works. As a strategy, gender strategies pertain to the infusion of differing gender expectations and roles given a patriarchal social context. Men hold a higher position relative to women. This also extends to hints of feminism with literary works showing the efforts made by women to attain defy the patriarchal system and achieve equal status with men or women characters placed in positions of power. As an analytical tool, gender strategies refer to the differentiation between masculine and feminine character traits. The differences in the perspectives of men and women develop with the influence of culture. This also considers the way that the image of women in the literary work captures the difficulties in living in a patriarchal society and the challenges to attain equality. Another line of analysis is by expanding literary themes beyond the male and female to consider the homosexual perspective represented by literary works. (Meyer, 2002) Gender strategies worked in the play ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ (Shakespeare, 1997). Patriarchal belief and male dominance is one defining theme of the play. Egeus used the law compelling daughters to marry the man chosen by their fathers with refusal punishable by death to force Hermia, his daughter, to marry Demetrius, the man that Egeus wants his daughter to marry. There was also a hint of feminism, with Hermia defying her father and the law by eloping with Lysander. Titania, the queen of the fairies, also holds an equal position with Oberon, the king of fairies by refusing to agree to make her Indian changeling a knight of Oberon. In analyzing the play, the patriarchy experienced by the characters reflects on the Athenian culture that gives men higher status than women do. The male characters, Egeus and Oberon, make the decision and enforce these decisions on the women characters. The women characters, Hermia and even the fairy queen Titania, suffered difficulties in resisting the dominant male characters. References Meyer, M. (2002). The Bedford introduction to literature (6th ed. ). New York: St. Martin’s Press. Shakespeare, W. (1997). A midsummer night’s dream. In G. Blakemore-Evans & J. J. M. Tobin (Eds. ), The riverside Shakespeare (pp. 256-283). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Ralph Ellison’s essay “An Extravagance of Laughter” Essay

Ralph Ellison in his essay, â€Å"An Extravagance of Laughter† demonstrated the living condition of black life in the segregated 1930’s. Ellison grew up in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Unfortunately, His father past away when he was only three. He lived with his mother and brother in absolute poverty, but always believe that he could overcome the limits of racial prejudice. Throughout the years, Ellison fell in love with Africa-American music (Jazz). He played Trumpet and thought himself Louis Armstrong solos. For Ellison and many other blacks in the south, personal choice (privileges) was something they were lacking. He states, â€Å"you lived in a Negro neighborhood because you were forced to do so, and because you preferred living among those of your own background. Which was easy to answer, because having to experience life in a mixed neighborhood as a child, I preferred to live where people spoke my own version of the American Language; and where misreading of the tone or gesture were less likely to ignite literal conflict† (Ellison 145). By this, people did not have any choice about where they live. At times, They preferred to live among those of their own background just because they did not want to deal with inferiority. Imagine living in a place were you were not wanted, and where people were aggravating you and your family from day to day. People really do not want to deal with negative attitudes and they certainly will not live around it. Many people believe it’s m ore comfortable to live around people with the same background as they are. By doing so, it’s easier to understand each other’s view about a certain point. Not only they were forced to live in places they did not want to live; public transportation was places of hallucinations for Negroes. Once their fares were deposited, they were sent straight to the rear. During such time, both the driver and white folks tormented them. Imagine the type of pushing and shoveling that occurred. Such dramatic and inconsiderate attitude can cause horrible effects on a pregnant woman. Getting push on a moving bus is very dangerous. After all the disappointments in the south, an old hero and friend, Langston Hughes invited Ellison, to be his guest at a Broadway theater. The play, â€Å"Jack Kirkland’s dramatization of Erskine Caldwell’s famous novel Tobacco Road† left a great impression on him. The comedy and the â€Å"extravagance of laughter† told Ellison many things about himself. â€Å"I couldn’t have put it into words at the time, but by forcing me to see the comedy in Jeeter Lester’s Condition and allowing me to react to it in an interracial situation without the threat of physical violence, Caldwell told me something important about who I was† (Ellison 171). As we can see, the author was in a â€Å"safe house† and he mentioned how the play made him a better person, and how he became a more tolerant American. The play helped him to deal with the horrible experiences that he encountered in the south. In the south, there were no contests because the white man always won; where as in the north, survival of the fittest was the issue. It gave him a chance to redeem his self-dignity. The moment of laughter was the point when a change occurred in Ellison’s life. He produced a new drama in the theater when he started laughing. Once his laughing got going, it was a germ that affected many people. This play allowed Ellison to understand his role in the American society. By doing so, it helped him to remember the important part, which is not to think about racism, but to think about race in conjunction to the south, and New York. Ellison’s experience in learning to be a New Yorker was something he never forgets. He states, â€Å"Madam, all you had to do was risk the slight possibility that I just might be a gentleman. Because if you had, I would have been compelled to step aside† (Ellison 144). From this quote, we can all see the meaning into the author’s words. In the south, it would be required for a black person to get up and offer their seat to a white one. Nevertheless, They were in New York, and Laws did not recommend such thing. The lady got herself into a shuffle with him and fortunately he won. It’s that aggressiveness that caused Ellison to retaliate and not offer her the seat. For Ellison, The notion of â€Å"imagined communities† (Benedict Anderson) as Pratt says came about his experiences. This illustrated the inner self-esteem that he had to reach within himself to bring out to society. He gathered up all his experiences from the south and those he acquired from  New York to stand up for himself and not to let society destroy it. One way to connect Pratt’s observation about the â€Å"contact zone† and â€Å"safe houses† with Ellison’s feeling that he was on a journey without a map is to connect both authors’ points of view, and how they tried to persuade their readers. Ellison States, â€Å"This made for a constant struggle over the nature of reality, in which each group probed and sparred as they tried to determined the other’s true motives and opinions† (Ellison 160). This quote indicates that people should drop their mask and try to put their differences aside to connect with one another. We must retrieve our logical inspiration, and break the barriers of stupidity. In her essay, â€Å"Arts of the Contact Zone,† Pratt observed how society must get rid of racism, and destroys the shadow of ignorance. She states, â€Å"meanwhile, our job in the American course remains to figure out how to make that crossroad the best site for learning that it can be† (Pratt 541). She demonstrated many ways to develop social and intellectual differences. She stressed the importance of what we came to call â€Å"safe house,† which are places that groups can constitute as communities. Pratt stated the way to comprehend communication and behavior is through common rules that must be shared. She mentioned how different personalities interpret a common rule. In her essay, Guaman Poma’s unread masterpiece and Benedict Anderson’s theory of â€Å"imagine communities† demonstrated her argument. These examples are part of what someone should strongly focus on to understand their cultures as well as others. As both authors Stated, Our position in relation to the issue of â€Å"contact,† â€Å"safety,† â€Å"mapping† and â€Å"community is very important. First, Ellison mentioned, â€Å"And just as Henry James felt it prudent to warn Americans against a â€Å"superstitious elevation of Europe,† Negro folklore with its arrays of survival strategies warned me against an overvaluation of white pretensions. And despite their dominance and low opinion of Negro intelligence, white suspected the presence of profound reservations even when Negroes were far less assertive than they are today† (Ellison 160).  Throughout this essay, It’s clear that racism played a big part throughout society. The above statement mentioned how whites were looking down at Negroes. Even with their greatest efforts, Negroes were still underestimated.

Baroque Humanities

If ever there was a period of enlightened absolutism on European soil, it has to be the 150 year-long period from 1600 A. D. to 1750 A. D. , which witnessed the rebirth of grand styles in art, sculpture, painting and literature. The ideas of monarchism were rejuvenated during this era as the issues of social contract and individual liberty frequented the thinking minds. In fact the thinking renaissance had already been set in motion by eminent philosophers and rulers, including Joseph II and Maria Theresa of Austria, Louis XIV of France, Frederick II of Prussia and many others.Also known as the Baroque period, this phase is noted for its spectacular growth and development across all vertices, especially in artistic realms. What singles out the Baroque from other periods in European history was its dynamism of cultural expressions. The creation of art was unrestrained and raw in nature. From a political perspective, the British Commonwealth under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell thri ved in trade and commerce, and secularism emerged after the brutal bloodbath of the Middle Ages.The royal court of England was receptive to the refreshing counter-reformatory changes that occurred in the intellectual sphere of this period. Our current course of discussion goes beyond just the social, political or religious scenarios that characterized the Baroque era. Rather we attempt to seek the culminating point to have come out of the intellectual revolution of the time, expressing itself in threefold directive of literature, music and art.To achieve our objective, we have picked up three authoritative works distinctive of the Baroque era – Orfeo by Claudio Monteverdi for music, The Flaming Heart by Richard Crashaw for literature and The Last Supper by Jacopo Tinteretto for artwork. The rest of this essay is going to elaborate on how the profound philosophies and witticism of the Baroque period were manifested in these three masterpieces. Music in the Baroque featured a d iscernible style and mode of expression unique to this era only.It was converged on a diverse breed of artistic expressions to form a continuum of aesthetic principles rooted in visual and literary arts. First performed in 1607, Orfeo by Claudio Monteverdi is deemed as the signature musical composition of the Baroque. The grandeur of this Italian opera dissolved the geographical barriers and traversed far and wide to all corners of Europe. Composed on the themes of the Greek legend of Orpheus, Orfeo celebrates the freedom of spirit of the Baroque through its forceful dramatic appeal and impeccable orchestration.The compelling intellectual sensitivity of the Baroque literature is best manifested in The Flaming Heart, an English poem by Richard Crashaw. This poem captures the extravagance of poetic imagination both in content as well as in form. As argued by Summers and Pebworth (175), The Flaming Heart is comparable to The Ecstasy of St. Teresa by Bernini in its vividly descriptive e xpression of personal emotions. As the poem nears the end, it weaves a state of the mind for the reader, which is left unexplored by Bernini (Summers et al. 175): â€Å"By all of him we have in thee,Leave nothing of my self in me: Let me so read thy life that I Unto all life of mine may die. † (The Flaming Heart 2009) The Baroque elements in Crashaw, as argued by Healy (1), are reflected in his â€Å"tendency to adopt the fallacious view†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Indeed, the period in question was stripped off all sorts of polished sophistication and the style of expression was more inclined to counter reformatory impulses than to â€Å"judgments about taste† (Healy 2). The Last Supper by Jacopo Tinteretto concerns the Biblical allusion to the spiritual act of communion.As a groundbreaking work of manneristic painting, a genre that evolved in the Baroque traditions, this piece of artwork speaks volumes for the ingenuity of painters belonging to the Venetian school during the Ita lian Renaissance. The quintessential baroque features in The Last Supper are manifested through Tinteretto’s offbeat use of perspective and lighting effects. Similar to all other artistic genres of the baroque, the manneristic painting too was characterized by freedom of expression and intricacies of ornamentation.In case of The Last Supper, these aspects were brought to life by brisk brushstroke technique on canvas (The Last Supper by Jacopo Tinteretto 2002-2009). Etymologically the term ‘baroque’ implies abnormality and extravagance. Now it has been historically proved that any productive age is bound to be fueled by these traits rather than orderly and genteel ones. It is quite clear from the above discussion that the Baroque era was the golden period in the history of Europe in terms of authentic art movements.Literary compositions, musical experimentations and painting reflected the erratic but extremely creative spirit of the age. Works Cited Healy, Thomas F. Richard Crashaw. Leiden: Brill Archive, 1986. Summers, Claude J. , and Ted-Larry Pebworth. The wit of seventeenth-century poetry. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1995. â€Å"The Flaming Heart. † Poemhunter. com. 23 April 2009. 23 April 2009 . â€Å"The Last Supper by Jacopo Tinteretto. † DirectEssays. com. 2002-2009. 23 April 2009 .